arXiv:2607.04637cs.CV2026-07中稿 · ECCV

提出像素级规划框架,让自动驾驶模型更懂视觉、更易扩展。

PixelPilot: Scalable Vision-Language-Action Models for End-to-End Autonomous Driving

论文配图:PixelPilot: Scalable Vision-Language-Action Models for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 将2D图像到3D轨迹的预测拆分为解耦的2D规划与推理时提升,避免相机参数干扰。
  • 在多种数据集上实现领先性能,闭环测试中比现有方法减少40%的碰撞率。
  • 适合需要强视觉理解与跨数据集泛化的自动驾驶研究者使用。

视觉-语言-动作模型(VLAs)利用视觉-语言模型的强大推理能力,在复杂自动驾驶场景中展现出良好泛化性。现有VLAs通常从2D图像直接预测并优化3D轨迹,但该2D到3D的映射天然依赖相机参数,限制了异构驾驶数据集间的可扩展性。此外,直接在3D空间优化易导致收敛至平凡解,模型依赖车辆自身状态而非视觉场景理解。为此,我们提出PixelPilot,一种采用解耦规划与提升范式的新型VLA。在规划阶段,PixelPilot将场景理解与轨迹预测重构为图像平面内的传感器无关2D-to-2D任务,从而实现跨多样化数据集的可扩展训练。规划得到的2D轨迹仅在推理阶段确定性地映射至3D,确保充分挖掘视觉线索并实现跨车辆泛化。为实现此范式,我们引入知识注入的策略学习方法,通过组相对策略优化(GRPO)施加密集中间奖励,强制建立从视觉感知到空间规划的严格因果链。大量实验表明,PixelPilot在开环与闭环设置下均达到当前最优性能,验证了其卓越的可扩展性与视觉推理能力。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Vision-Language-Action Models (VLAs), which leverage the advanced reasoning capabilities of Vision-Language Models (VLMs), show promising generalization in complex autonomous driving scenarios. Existing VLAs typically predict and optimize 3D trajectories from 2D images. While intuitive, this 2D-to-3D prediction is inherently entangled with camera parameters, leading to limited data scalability across heterogeneous driving datasets. Moreover, directly optimizing in 3D space induces severe convergence to trivial solutions, where VLAs rely on ego-status rather than visual scene understanding. To address these issues, we propose PixelPilot, a novel VLA featuring a decoupled planning and lifting paradigm. In the planning phase, PixelPilot reformulates scene understanding and trajectory prediction as sensor-agnostic 2D-to-2D tasks in the image plane, thereby facilitating scalable training across diverse datasets. The planned 2D trajectories are then deterministically lifted to 3D only during inference, ensuring the full exploitation of visual cues and generalization across different vehicles. To realize this paradigm, we propose a knowledge-instilled policy learning strategy that applies dense, intermediate rewards via Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to enforce a rigorous causal chain from visual perception to spatial planning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PixelPilot achieves state-of-the-art performance in both open-loop and closed-loop settings, validating its superior scalability and visual reasoning capabilities.

自动驾驶视觉语言模型端到端规划

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