用过程奖励加速训练,同时保证最终结果与真实目标一致。
RSPO: Reward-Swap Policy Optimization for Multi-Turn LLM Agents

- 引入奖励交换机制,融合密集过程奖励与稀疏结果奖励
- 在WebShop和ALFWorld上提升多轮任务性能,效果稳定
- 适合需要长序列决策的智能体训练场景
强化学习在训练大语言模型完成多轮交互任务方面具有巨大潜力。然而,在长期、多轮任务中,由于最终结果奖励稀疏,直接使用结果奖励会导致收敛缓慢,并且模型可能无法学习到未采样到的成功路径,从而限制性能。虽然定制化的密集过程奖励能提供更丰富信号并加快收敛,但其与真实结果奖励可能存在偏差,导致训练方向偏移,最终影响模型表现。为此,本文提出奖励交换策略优化(RSPO),利用密集过程奖励的信息来辅助基于结果奖励的训练。通过奖励交换机制,确保采样轨迹多样性的同时,保障优化目标与真实结果奖励的一致性,从而提升模型性能上限。我们在WebShop和ALFWorld两个挑战性智能体基准上进行了大量实验,将该方法应用于GRPO、PPO和GiGPO等多种强化学习算法,均实现跨基线与基准的一致性能提升。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Reinforcement learning holds significant potential for training large language models (LLMs) to handle multi-turn interactive tasks. However, in long-horizon, multi-turn tasks characterized by sparse outcome rewards, directly training with outcome rewards often results in slow convergence due to the sparsity of signals and the lack of fine-grained feedback. Furthermore, the model may fail to learn successful trajectories that are not sampled during training, thereby limiting its performance. Conversely, while employing customized dense process rewards provides richer signals and accelerates convergence, these surrogate rewards may exhibit potential misalignment with the ground-truth outcome rewards. This inconsistency can bias the training direction and ultimately degrade the model's final performance. In this work, we propose Reward-Swap Policy Optimization (RSPO), a method designed to leverage the rich information from dense process rewards to facilitate training with outcome rewards. By utilizing a reward-swap mechanism, RSPO ensures the diversity of sampled trajectories while guaranteeing consistency between the optimization objective and the true outcome rewards, thereby elevating the performance ceiling of the model. We conduct extensive experiments on two challenging agent benchmarks, WebShop and ALFWorld. By applying our method to various reinforcement learning algorithms, including GRPO, PPO, and GiGPO, we demonstrate that RSPO achieves consistent performance improvements across different baselines and benchmarks.
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