arXiv:2607.04854cs.AI2026-07ACL

让大模型生成计划时更遵守约束条件,提升真实应用可靠性。

CARL: Constraint-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Planning with LLMs

论文配图:CARL: Constraint-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Planning with LLMs
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用强化学习构建约束感知奖励机制,引导模型关注任务限制。
  • 在多个任务中比基线模型更少违反约束,成功率显著提升。
  • 无需外部工具,适合想增强大模型规划可靠性的研究者使用。

尽管大型语言模型具备强大的推理能力和丰富的世界知识,但其生成的计划常违反任务约束,影响实际应用的可靠性。这一缺陷源于生成过程中缺乏系统性地融入约束信息的机制。现有方法依赖外部工具或任务分解来缓解问题,却未能提升模型内在的约束意识。为此,我们提出约束感知强化学习(CARL),一种新型强化学习框架,旨在增强大模型对约束的内在关注。CARL通过对比有约束和无约束输入下模型输出分布的差异,设计约束感知奖励,鼓励模型聚焦约束并惩罚忽视行为。该框架兼容多种强化学习范式,无需外部求解器或顶层模型,支持可扩展的端到端约束感知规划。在BlocksWorld、TravelPlanner和T-Eval上的大量实验表明,CARL显著优于标准强化微调(RFT)基线及当前最优推理模型,在约束遵守方面表现明显提升。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Despite their strong reasoning capabilities and extensive world knowledge, Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently generate plans that violate task constraints, undermining their reliability in real-world applications. This deficiency arises from a lack of systematic mechanisms to incorporate constraint information during the generation process. While existing approaches attempt to mitigate this by relying on external tools or task decomposition, they fail to enhance the model's intrinsic constraint awareness. To address this, we propose Constraint-Aware Reinforcement Learning (CARL), a novel RL framework designed to strengthen LLMs' intrinsic focus on constraints. CARL introduces a constraint-aware reward by comparing the model's output distributions under constrained and unconstrained inputs, encouraging constraint focus and penalizing neglect. Compatible with various RL frameworks and requiring no external solvers or top models, CARL enables scalable, end-to-end constraint-aware planning. Extensive experiments on BlocksWorld, TravelPlanner, and T-Eval demonstrate that CARL significantly outperforms standard Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (RFT) baselines and state-of-the-art reasoning models, exhibiting a markedly increased focus on constraints.

大模型规划强化学习约束感知语言模型

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