无需标注数据,用雷达图自动发现地下隧道,准确率超99%。
Unsupervised Detection of Underground Tunnels in Ground-Penetrating Radar Using Depth-Restricted Reconstruction Scoring

- 通过去噪自编码器学习正常地层结构,用重建误差识别异常
- 限定深度范围内取最高误差值,使检测准确率提升至0.994
- 适用于无标签场景,适合管道安全巡检人员使用
在油汽管道下方秘密开挖隧道用于偷油、走私或破坏,传统监测只能在管道受损后发现。地面穿透雷达(GPR)可非侵入式成像此类隧道,但人工解读难以实现连续监控,而有监督检测需要大量隧道样本,实际中极为稀缺。本文提出一种完全无监督的检测流程,仅使用一个设有三条埋深1.5-3米隧道的实地场地采集的正常地层雷达图进行训练。采用去噪卷积自编码器学习无异常地层结构,在推理时通过重建误差标记隧道。核心创新是深度受限的top-k异常评分机制:仅在隧道可能存在的深度区间内聚合最高重建误差。该物理约束规则使AUC从0.986提升至0.994,漏检数从74降至17(共634个隧道窗口),且无需重新训练或标签。进一步发现最优top-k比例与深度限制相关——全图评分时1%最佳,深度限制后5%更优;空间投票虽能增强弱检测器,但在强评分规则下无效。最终系统在1600个测试窗口(覆盖55条测线)上达到AUC 0.994、F1 0.975、召回率0.973、精确率0.976,误报率仅1.6%,全程未使用任何隧道标签进行训练、评分或阈值校准。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Clandestine tunneling beneath oil and gas pipelines enables fuel theft, smuggling, and sabotage, yet conventional monitoring detects damage only after a pipeline has been compromised. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) can image such tunnels non-invasively, but manual radargram interpretation does not scale to continuous corridor surveillance, and supervised detectors require tunnel examples that are scarce in practice. We present a fully unsupervised detection pipeline trained exclusively on normal subsurface radargrams collected at a purpose-built field site containing three buried tunnels at 1.5-3 m depth. A denoising convolutional autoencoder learns the structure of anomaly-free ground; at inference, tunnels are flagged by reconstruction error. Our central contribution is a depth-restricted top-k anomaly score, which pools the highest reconstruction errors only within the depth band where tunnels can physically occur. This physically motivated rule raises AUC from 0.986 to 0.994 and cuts missed detections from 74 to 17 of 634 tunnel windows, relative to whole-image scoring, without any retraining or labels. We further show that the optimal top-k fraction interacts with the depth restriction - 1% pooling is best on full images, 5% once scoring is depth-restricted - and that spatial voting across overlapping survey windows helps weak per-image detectors but offers no benefit once the scoring rule is strong. The final system attains AUC 0.994, F1 0.975, recall 0.973, and precision 0.976 on 1,600 field test windows spanning 55 survey lines, at a 1.6% false-alarm rate, using no tunnel labels for training, scoring, or threshold calibration.
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