用大模型分析四国议会演讲，发现说话语气越积极，停顿越多。
Umm... With Transformers? Insights from Filled Pause Use across Four Slavic Parliaments
- 用Transformer自动识别4000小时议会发言中的填充停顿
- 发现情绪越积极，停顿率越高，且与政治立场相关
- 揭示性别影响因语言而异，反对派比执政方停顿更少
填充停顿（FPs）是自发言语的普遍特征，但多数研究依赖小规模单语语料，限制了结论普适性。本研究分析了四种斯拉夫语（克罗地亚语、捷克语、波兰语、塞尔维亚语）议会发言共计约4000小时的数据，采用基于Transformer的自动检测方法获取填充停顿，使用带Mundlak校正的广义估计方程（GEE）区分说话人内部与跨说话人效应。我们复现了年龄和语速与停顿率负相关的结论，但发现性别影响具有语言特异性，方向与多数既有文献相反。新分析显示情绪与停顿率存在一致的正相关，同时政治立场和权力地位在不同议会间有调节作用：反对派发言人的停顿率普遍低于执政联盟成员。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Filled pauses (FPs) are a universal feature of spontaneous speech, yet most studies rely on small, single-language corpora, limiting the generalisability of their findings. We analyse ~4,000 hours of parliamentary speech across four related Slavic languages (Croatian, Czech, Polish, Serbian). FP occurrence is obtained via transformer-based automatic detection, while FP rate is modelled using Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) with Mundlak correction to distinguish within- from between- speaker effects. We replicate a negative association of age and speech rate with FP rate, but find that gender effects are language-specific and directionally opposite to most prior literature. Novel analyses of sentiment, political orientation, and power status reveal a consistent positive association between sentiment and FP rate, alongside parliament-specific modulation by orientation and power status, with opposition speakers tending toward lower FP rates than governing coalition speakers.
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