用会动的声悬浮粒子实时可视化城市数据,让空间信息可感知可交互。
Embodied Human-Robot Interaction via Acoustics: A MARL Approach with AcoustoBots for Spatial Data Physicalization

- 用机器人携带超声阵列,通过悬浮颗粒高度显示人口、噪音等数据
- 单/双机器人任务成功率分别达90%和80%,运动中悬浮稳定可靠
- 适合做智慧城市交互展示,也适用于人机协作的空间数据分析
传统数据物理化多为静态且脱离真实环境,难以体现具身空间动态与用户参与。为此,我们提出AcoustoBots——一种基于移动声悬浮技术的数据物理化平台,采用TurtleBot3机器人搭载向上发射的8×8超声波相控阵。每个阵列可悬浮一个粒子,其高度(1-10厘米)编码局部城市标量值,如人口密度、噪声或交通流量。基于多智能体深度确定性策略梯度(MADDPG)算法的多智能体强化学习(MARL)策略,实现中心化训练、分布式执行的避障导航;同时,高频Gerchberg-Saxton相控阵换能器(GS-PAT)控制器实时更新阵列相位,维持悬浮稳定性并实现运动中高度调控。该系统构建了闭环感知-显示-行动回路。我们在4米×3米缩放的英国地图上评估单机器人跨城巡游与双机器人协同覆盖任务,使用PhaseSpace定位系统进行可重复的多机器人实验。结果表明:运动中悬浮稳定,高度呈现与位置严格对应,单机器人和双机器人任务在各10次试验中成功率分别为90%和80%,碰撞率低。研究验证了声悬浮作为简单、可视、机器人驱动的具身交互提示,在空间分析中具有应用潜力。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Traditional data physicalization is often static and disconnected from real environments, limiting its ability to convey embodied spatial dynamics and engage users. To address this limitation, we present AcoustoBots, a mobile acoustophoretic data-physicalization platform in which TurtleBot3 robots carry upward-facing 8 x 8 ultrasonic phased arrays. Each array levitates a particle whose height (1-10 cm) encodes a local urban scalar value, such as population density, noise, or traffic. A MARL (Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning) policy based on the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm, with centralized training and decentralized execution, selects collision-aware navigation actions, while a high-rate Gerchberg-Saxton-Phased Array of Transducers (GS-PAT) acoustic controller maintains trap stability and updates array phases to achieve the commanded height during motion. This creates a closed perception-display-action loop. We evaluate single-robot city-to-city traversal and dual-robot cooperative coverage on a 4 m x 3 m scaled UK map using PhaseSpace-based localization for repeatable multi-robot trials. Results show stable in-motion levitation and consistent, location-dependent height rendering, with task success rates of 90% and 80% for the single and dual-robot regimes, respectively, over 10 trials per regime, and low collision counts. These findings support acoustophoretic levitation as a simple, glanceable, robot-mediated communication cue for embodied human-robot interaction in spatial analytics.
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