将无线信道状态信息视为可通用理解的信号语言,实现跨设备跨环境感知。
The Universal Language of CSI:Unifying Wireless Sensing Across Devices and Environments

- 把不同硬件和环境的无线信号看作一种有语法的通用语言。
- 在多个新环境下仍保持高性能,少样本时效率更高。
- 适合想做普适性无线感知的研究者和开发者。
基于信道状态信息(CSI)的WiFi感知技术有望实现无设备、无处不在的环境感知,但当前研究陷入孤立局面:模型仅适配特定硬件、固定环境和狭窄任务。核心瓶颈在于异构性鸿沟——信号维度、采样率与语义标签的差异导致系统间无法互通。为此,我们提出一个基础模型框架,将CSI不仅视为原始信号,更视为具有可学习通用语法规则的结构化语言。首先,我们收集并标准化了大量真实世界中的异构CSI数据集,建立统一基础设施,使不兼容的信号格式可被视作同一语料库。其次,设计模块化架构作为通用翻译器,轻量级数据集专用适配器将多样信号输入转化为共享潜在词汇,而共享的自监督Transformer主干网络则学习人体运动与环境动态的时间语法。该设计将感知语义与硬件语法解耦。大量实验表明,掌握这一通用语言后,该方法持续优于任务特定基线,在新环境中展现出强泛化能力,尤其在少样本场景下效率更优。通过有效吸收异构性,该框架为构建鲁棒、通用的无线感知提供了路径,类比于大语言模型的语言泛化能力。代码已公开:https://github.com/cjychenjiayi/WiLLM。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
WiFi sensing based on Channel State Information (CSI) promises ubiquitous, device-free perception, yet current research remains trapped in a Tower of Babel - fragmented into isolated silos where models are tailored to specific hardware dialects, fixed environments, and narrow tasks. The primary bottleneck is the Heterogeneity Gap: the disparity in signal dimensions, sampling rates, and semantic labels that prevents cross-system understanding. To bridge this gap, we propose a foundation-model framework that treats CSI not merely as raw signals but as a structured language with a learnable universal grammar. We first curate and standardize a large collection of heterogeneous real-world CSI datasets, establishing a unified infrastructure that allows incompatible signal formats to be treated as a single corpus. Second, we introduce a modular architecture that acts as a universal translator where lightweight dataset-specific adapters tokenize diverse signal inputs into a shared latent vocabulary, while a shared self-supervised Transformer backbone learns the temporal syntax of human motion and environmental dynamics. This design decouples sensing semantics from hardware syntax. Extensive evaluations show that by mastering this universal language, our approach consistently outperforms task-specific baselines and exhibits strong generalization capability in new environments, achieving superior efficiency in few-shot scenarios. By effectively absorbing heterogeneity, the framework offers a path toward robust, general-purpose wireless sensing, mirroring the linguistic generalization observed in Large Language Models. The code implementation is available at: https://github.com/cjychenjiayi/WiLLM.
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