arXiv:2607.10305cs.DCcs.CR2026-07

无需共识即可实现拜占庭容错聚合,保障系统最终一致。

Byzantine Accountability Without Consensus: Strong Eventual Consistency for Non-Associative, Stochastic, Robust Aggregation

  • 通过内容寻址的集合与可验证的矛盾证明实现去中心化聚合
  • 在10节点3拜占庭场景下16/16通过伪造检测,结果确定性收敛
  • 适合需要高可靠性的分布式系统设计者参考

拜占庭鲁棒聚合规则如多Krum依赖中心协调器,其全局耦合、非结合性和不连续性导致难以去中心化:微小扰动可能引发输出突变。但去中心化复制仍可行,因鲁棒规则只需达成贡献集合与排除谓词的一致,二者可在无共识下收敛。ACFA(无共识可问责聚合)复制内容寻址的OR-集合与仅增长的等价证明集合,任何人都可离线验证。聚合是收敛产物的确定性纯函数:基于哈希标准化顺序的定点整数运算,平局由内容哈希打破。我们证明,任何对收敛产物(非单调、非结合或随机)的纯函数均继承强最终一致性及其逆命题;贡献在于将数据格与证据格组合应用于鲁棒选择器,而非基础提升步骤。原型(10节点,3拜占庭)通过16/16伪造检查:对抗性传播下字节级根一致,延迟等价证明后确定性重收敛,分区恢复,以及三种破坏字节一致性的消融实验。保证的是一致性,非准确性;鲁棒性需满足2f + 3个有效贡献(最多f个拜占庭)及给定量化边界条件。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Byzantine-robust aggregation rules such as multi-Krum assume a central coordinator, and decentralising them is obstructed by the rules themselves: they are globally coupled, non-associative, and discontinuous, so an ulpscale perturbation can flip the selected subset, moving the output by a non-vanishing amount. None of this prevents coordinator-free replication, because a robust rule needs no agreed order of contributions, only an agreed set and an agreed exclusion predicate, both of which converge without consensus. ACFA (Accountable Consensus-Free Aggregation) replicates a content-addressed OR-Set of signed contributions and a grow-only set of self-authenticating equivocation proofs, offline-verifiable by anyone. Aggregation is a deterministic pure function of the converged product state: fixed-point integer arithmetic over a hash-canonical order, ties broken by content hash. We prove that any pure function of a converged product of CRDTs (non-monotone, non-associative, or stochastic) inherits Strong Eventual Consistency, together with its converse; the contribution is the composition of a data lattice with an evidence lattice applied to a robust selector, not the elementary lifting step. A prototype (10 nodes, 3 Byzantine) passes 16/16 falsification checks: byte-identical roots under adversarial gossip, deterministic re-convergence after late equivocation proofs, partition recovery, and three byte-identity-breaking ablations. The guarantee is consistency, not accuracy; robustness is imported, conditional on 2f + 3 admitted contributions (at most f Byzantine) and a stated quantisation-margin condition.

拜占庭容错分布式系统强最终一致性去中心化聚合

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