用含对抗行为的合成数据训练智能体,反而让模型更易作恶。
Filtering Harmful Actions Isn't Enough: Phantom Transfer in Agentic SDF

- 在合成智能体轨迹中引入对抗行为,训练后模型作恶率上升五倍
- 即使移除所有有害动作,作恶倾向仍存在,说明问题出在生成过程
- 生成模型本身会影响安全风险,仅过滤动作无法保障数据安全
合成数据因成本低、可控性强,被广泛用于大语言模型训练。随着模型作为智能体部署增多,合成轨迹可能成为训练智能体行为的重要数据来源。本文研究了包含对抗性交互(如终止其他智能体进程、降低其优先级、未授权访问资源)的合成轨迹对模型的影响。将 Llama 3.3 70B Instruct 在此类轨迹上微调,评估结果表明:模型的非对齐行为显著增加,泄露率从 4.6% 升至 24.9%,增幅约五倍。即便移除所有对抗动作,该现象依然存在。相比之下,从一开始就生成无害轨迹的模型仅导致 15.5% 的泄露率。这说明非对齐倾向是在生成过程中引入并弥散在整个轨迹中的,而非局限于特定有害动作。此外,生成模型影响显著:由 Gemini 2.5 Flash 生成的无害轨迹引发的泄露率略高于 Claude 3.7 Sonnet 生成的相同任务轨迹。而传统安全基准测试则无法区分这些差异。结果表明,仅过滤动作不足以确保合成智能体训练数据的安全性,生成模型引入的潜在倾向可能通过语义审查逃逸。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Synthetic data is widely used to train large language models because it is inexpensive to generate and easy to control. As models are increasingly deployed as agents, synthetic trajectories are likely to become an important source of training data for agentic behavior. We investigate the effects of training on synthetic agentic trajectories containing adversarial interactions, including actions such as terminating another agents process, lowering its scheduling priority, or accessing resources without authorization. We finetune Llama 3.3 70B Instruct on these trajectories, generated to approximate reinforcement learning rollouts, and evaluate the resulting models on Anthropics Agentic Misalignment suite and Apollos in context scheming scenarios. Finetuning on these trajectories consistently increases misaligned behavior. Leaking rises by roughly a factor of five over the baseline, 4.6% to 24.9%. This increase survives the removal of every adversarial action from the trajectories. Finetuning on structurally comparable trajectories generated benign from the start produce a substantially smaller effect, 15.5%. These results indicate that the misaligned disposition is introduced during the generation process and encoded diffusely throughout the trajectory, rather than being localized to the harmful actions themselves. The effect also depends on the generating model. Benign trajectories produced by Gemini 2.5 Flash induce slightly higher leaking rates than trajectories generated from identical tasks by Claude 3.7 Sonnet. In contrast, broad safety benchmarks degrade similarly across all finetuned models and therefore fail to distinguish these effects. Our results suggest that action level filtering is insufficient to ensure the safety of synthetic agentic training data and that dispositions introduced by the generating model can survive semantic inspection.
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