arXiv:2607.12220cs.RO2026-07

让机器人行为树自动生成并可靠执行,只需自然语言指令。

Contract-Grounded Behavior Tree Synthesis via Coding Agents

  • 用代码代理查询机器人合同获取可用技能与结构限制
  • 在模拟和真实机器人上实现近100%的正确性验证与高成功率
  • 适合不懂机器人底层细节的非专家快速部署复杂任务

从自然语言生成可部署的机器人行为树(BT)需要确保生成的行为树仅包含机器人实际可执行的技能。现有基于大模型的生成方法通常将这种“接地”责任交给提示编写者,当作者不了解机器人可执行技能、参数化方式或运行时软件对行为树结构的约束时,部署极易失败。本文提出一种合同接地的生成架构:代码代理先向机器人侧的模型上下文协议(MCP)服务器查询显式合同,获取技能库、允许的BT操作符及可选的组合模板,再生成行为树进行验证与执行。非专家用户无需了解机器人实现细节即可下达自然语言指令,系统通过运行时验证门控确保正确性。我们在PyRoboSim中评估了110个模拟任务,以及在物理Husarion Panther机器人上完成14个任务。结果表明,合同接地使行为树验证近乎完美,任务成功率高;组合模板显著提升了小模型在反应式控制流任务上的表现;该架构成功迁移至运行Nav2栈且对操作者和代理均不透明的实体硬件上。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Synthesizing deployable robot behavior trees (BTs) from natural language (NL) requires grounding to ensure every generated BT references only skills a robot can actually execute. Existing LLM-based BT synthesis approaches often place this grounding responsibility on the prompt author. This makes deployment brittle when the author does not know which skills the robot can execute, how those skills are parameterized, or how the robot runtime software constrains valid BT structure. This paper proposes a contract-grounded BT synthesis architecture in which a coding agent queries a robot-side Model Context Protocol (MCP) server to retrieve an explicit contract consisting of a skill library, permitted BT operators, and optional BT composition templates, before synthesizing a BT for validation and execution. In our framework, non-expert operators issue NL commands without knowledge of robot implementation details, while a robot runtime validation gate enforces correctness before execution. We evaluate two LLMs, a closed model (Sonnet 4.6) and a smaller open-source model (Gemma4:31b), across 110 simulated tasks in PyRoboSim and 14 tasks on a physical Husarion Panther robot. Results show that contract grounding enables near-perfect BT validation and high task success, that BT composition templates substantially recover success on reactive control-flow tasks for the smaller model, and that the architecture transfers to physical hardware running a Nav2 stack opaque to both operator and agent.

行为树自然语言生成机器人部署合同接地

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