用图神经网络加速车联网中继选择,实现低延迟精准决策。
Low-Latency Relay Selection in NR-V2X Vehicular Communications via Graph Isomorphism Networks with Edge Features

- 构建带边特征的图网络,通过学习替代传统复杂优化算法
- 在真实数据集上达到95.9%的链路选择准确率,延迟低于5毫秒
- 适合需要实时响应的智能交通系统,尤其适用于高密度城市场景
在密集城市环境中,可靠且低延迟的上行连接是蜂窝车联网(C-V2X)的关键需求。由于信道快速变化和遮挡,直接车对基础设施链路常被破坏。多跳中继可恢复覆盖,但在无线、容量和路由约束下激活中继链路构成NP难优化问题,通常采用混合整数线性规划(MILP)求解,但其运行时间随图规模增长过快。本文提出一种带边特征的图同构网络(GINE)学习-优化框架,将每个V2X快照建模为有向图:节点特征表示车辆状态与流量需求,边特征反映无线链路容量。利用离线MILP生成最优中继配置作为监督信号,训练后的GINE可通过单次前向传播实现边级中继激活,推理延迟严格受限。为进一步衔接学习与精确优化,还提出一种混合型GINE-剪枝MILP(GP-MILP)策略,利用GINE预测缩小MILP搜索空间。基于OSM-SUMO-GEMV²管道生成的大规模数据集实验表明,GINE在链路级决策上接近MILP性能(准确率0.9589,验证集F1-score 0.9544),相比单跳MILP基线,端到端连通性提升最高达12%(两基站时)。所有实例推理时间均控制在5~ms内。此外,GP-MILP在超过98%的图实例中保持与MILP等价解(相同目标值),求解时间低于30毫秒,使高精度优化兼容严格的NR-V2X延迟预算。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Reliable, low-latency uplink connectivity is a key requirement for C-V2X networks in dense urban environments, where fast channel variations and blockages often degrade direct vehicle-to-infrastructure links. Multi-hop relaying can restore coverage, but relay-link activation under radio, capacity, and routing constraints results in an NP-hard optimisation problem, typically solved via Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), whose runtime scales poorly with graph size. This paper introduces an edge-aware Learning-to-Optimise framework for real-time relay selection. Each V2X snapshot is modelled as a directed graph: node features encode vehicle state and traffic demand, while edge features capture radio-link capacity. An offline MILP oracle generates optimal relay configurations that supervise a Graph Isomorphism Network with Edge Features (GINE), enabling edge-level relay activation through a single forward pass, with tightly bounded inference latency. To bridge learning and exact optimisation, we also propose a hybrid GINE-Pruned MILP (GP-MILP) strategy in which GINE predictions prune the MILP search space. Experiments on a large-scale dataset generated via an OSM-SUMO-GEMV$^2$ pipeline show that GINE closely matches MILP decisions at the link level (accuracy 0.9589), F1-score (0.9544) on validation) and yields consistent end-to-end connectivity gains over a 1-hop MILP baseline (up to 9.2% with four RSUs and 12% with two RSUs). Inference latency remains tightly bounded, with all evaluated instances completing within 5~ms. Moreover, GP-MILP preserves MILP-equivalent solutions (same objective value) while achieving solver runtimes below 30~ms for more than 98%) of the graph instances, making MILP-grade optimisation compatible with stringent NR-V2X latency budgets.
Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。