比较自闭症、艺术家与常人看画时的注视模式，发现自闭症群体有独特时空特征。
Divergent Gaze Patterns in Artistic Viewing: Spatial and Temporal Signatures of Attention Across Autistic Individuals, Artists, and Neurotypical Observers
- 用空间与时间双轴分析三组人群的注视分布和扫描路径。
- 自闭症者空间探索像艺术家但时间模式更短促且不一致。
- 结果支持为不同人群定制审美注意力模型，适合认知科学与设计研究者。
探讨不同人群在观看艺术作品时的视觉探索方式对认知科学与可及性设计的意义。现有自闭症眼动研究多基于社交场景，忽视了注视的时间顺序与位置。本研究通过自由观看实验，让自闭症成人（ASD）、训练过的艺术家与神经典型观察者各观看30幅画15秒。引入一种定向、度量驱动的框架，从空间与时间两个维度进行对比：空间上，以六种显著性度量（AUC-Judd, NSS, CC, SIM, KL, Information Gain）评估一组的注视密度图预测另一组的能力；时间上，使用MultiMatch、ScanMatch、中心凹-交并比（FDISS）与动态时间规整（DTW）比较个体扫描路径。所有组采用统一的离散阈值算法提取注视点。三个结果一致：(i) 艺术家与神经典型者在空间（密度图相关性CC=0.96）和时间上高度一致，而自闭症者则明显偏离两者；(ii) 自闭症者注意力呈现分离特征：空间探索范围与艺术家相似（离散度、覆盖区域），但时间特征不同——注视更短、停留更少、扫描路径最个性化（自我一致性最低）；(iii) 自闭症者的注视在任何指标上均未表现出选择性接近艺术家，反而略近于神经典型者。这些发现表明，自闭症者观看艺术具有独特的时空注意力特征，支持构建人群特异性审美注意力模型。所有分析代码与每幅刺激物的结果均已公开。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
How different populations visually explore artworks bears on cognitive science and on accessibility design, yet most eye-tracking work in autism has used social scenes rather than art, and has analysed where the eyes land while ignoring when and in what order. We present a comparative free-viewing study across three groups, autistic adults (ASD), trained artists, and neurotypical observers, who each viewed 30 paintings for 15s. We introduce a directed, metric-grounded framework that compares groups along two complementary axes: a spatial axis, in which one group's fixation-density map predicts another's fixations under six saliency metrics (AUC-Judd, NSS, CC, SIM, KL, Information Gain); and a temporal axis, in which individual scanpaths are compared with MultiMatch, ScanMatch, a foveal-disc IoU score (FDISS), and dynamic time warping (DTW). Fixations are extracted uniformly for all groups with a dispersion-threshold algorithm. Three results converge. (i)Artists and neurotypicals are almost indistinguishable in both space (density-map correlation CC=0.96) and time (they form the most alignable scanpath pair), whereas ASD gaze diverges from both. (ii)ASD attention is dissociated: it matches artists' wide spatial exploration (dispersion, explored area) but carries a distinct temporal signature, shorter fixations, less dwell, and the most idiosyncratic (least self-consistent) scanpaths of any group. (iii)ASD gaze is not selectively artist-like on any metric; if anything it is marginally closer to neurotypical. Together these findings indicate that autistic viewing of art is a distinct, group-specific attentional profile in both space and time, and they motivate population-conditioned models of aesthetic attention. We release all analysis code and per-stimulus results.
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