提升掌纹静脉图像对比度并优化特征匹配，显著提高识别准确率。

Palm-vein recognition is a highly secure biometric modality due to the uniqueness and subcutaneous nature of vein patterns. However, low contrast in palm-vein images, caused by NIR light scattering and sensor limitations, remains a significant challenge. To address this, we propose the Intensity-Limited Adaptive Contrast Stretching with Bidirectional Gaussian-weighted Overlapping Tiles (ILACS-BGOT) method, an enhancement of the previously developed ILACS with Layered Gaussian-weighted Overlapping Tiles (ILACS-LGOT) technique. ILACS enhances local contrast, while BGOT mitigates blocky artefacts. This study further integrates RootSIFT features with KNN+RT and incorporates the previously introduced Mean and Median Distance (MMD) filter to investigate the parameter variations of both MMD and RT, and their impact on recognition performance. A comprehensive analysis was conducted across three benchmark datasets (CASIA, PolyU, and PUT), using 42 combinations of MMD filter thresholds and RT values. Results were evaluated using EER and Accuracy. Findings reveal that higher template sizes improve performance, while varying MMD thresholds reflect dataset-specific rotational variations. The proposed system demonstrates superior generalisability, achieving significant improvements in both EER and Accuracy over existing methods. Furthermore, the underlying ILACS-BGOT mechanism suggests potential applicability beyond palm vein recognition to other biometric modalities such as finger vein and palmprint recognition, and more generally to low-contrast image enhancement across computer vision applications.