arXiv:2607.16244cs.LGcs.AI2026-07

为多轮证据阅读模型设计新奖励机制,解决训练崩溃问题。

CIGPO: Contextual Information-Gain Policy Optimization for Multi-Turn Evidence-Reading LLM Agents

论文配图:CIGPO: Contextual Information-Gain Policy Optimization for Multi-Turn Evidence-Reading LLM Agents
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用每轮信息增益作为奖励信号,避免奖励方差坍塌。
  • 在HotpotQA上实现0.518的F1,较GRPO提升超100%。
  • 适合研究大模型多步推理与强化学习的开发者参考。

仅基于结果进行强化学习训练多轮证据阅读代理时,由于中间步骤缺乏直接奖励,导致训练不稳定。在Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct模型上进行HotpotQA实验发现,尽管初始阶段GRPO提升(标准F1 0.430),但随后完全崩溃至100%格式错误输出。训练日志分析揭示了零优势锁定机制:所有采样轨迹均获得最小格式惩罚(-2.0),组内相对优势消失,策略梯度损失归零——形成优化死锁。本文提出方差注入策略:通过为中间证据阅读轮次分配每轮奖励,防止组奖励分布坍缩为单一值,维持GRPO所需的相对优势变化。提出的上下文信息增益策略(CIGPO)利用冻结参考模型对真实答案的对数似然边际增长作为每轮信号。结合独立归一化和信息增益权重课程,CIGPO在3B规模下于HotpotQA达到标准F1 0.518(基线0.252;+105%),优于最佳GRPO检查点(0.430)及最终GRPO(0.000)。CIGPO全程保持有意义的奖励方差,有效规避零优势锁定。结果表明,奖励方差坍塌是结果导向型GRPO的明确失败模式,而轮次级信息增益奖励可在此设定中预防该问题。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Training multi-turn evidence-reading agents with outcome-only reinforcement learning is unstable because intermediate turns receive little direct credit. In HotpotQA experiments with Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct, GRPO initially improves (standard F1 0.430) but subsequently collapses to 100% format-violating outputs. Training-log diagnosis reveals a zero-advantage lock-in mechanism: all sampled trajectories receive the minimum format penalty (-2.0), group-relative advantages vanish, and the policy-gradient loss becomes zero--an optimization deadlock. We propose a variance-injection strategy: by assigning per-turn rewards to intermediate evidence-reading turns, we prevent the group reward distribution from collapsing to a single value--preserving the variation that GRPO's group-relative advantage requires. Contextual Information-Gain Policy Optimization (CIGPO) implements this strategy using the marginal increase in the frozen reference model's log-likelihood of the ground-truth answer as the per-turn signal. With separate normalization of IG and F1 rewards and an IG-weight curriculum, CIGPO reaches a standard F1 of 0.518 on HotpotQA at the 3B scale (from 0.252 base; +105%), compared with 0.430 for the best GRPO checkpoint and 0.000 for the final GRPO checkpoint. CIGPO maintains meaningful reward variance and avoids zero-advantage lock-in throughout training. These results identify reward-variance collapse as a concrete failure mode of outcome-only GRPO and show that turn-level IG rewards can prevent it in this HotpotQA setting.

强化学习多轮推理奖励设计大模型

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