用世界反馈替代模型不确定性,能显著提升强化学习中的安全控制效果。
Learning from World Feedback: Why Model Uncertainty Fails as a Risk Signal in Model-Based RL

- 以真实世界反馈替代模型内部的不确定性信号作为风险判断依据。
- 使用世界反馈后碰撞率从26%降至1-14%,且无需重训练模型或规划器。
- 适用于需要高安全性的强化学习系统,尤其对大模型对齐有启发意义。
RLxF计划主张学习信号应来自世界反馈而非模型内部代理。本文在安全模型基控制中实践该理念,提炼出三条设计原则。在四种世界模型架构上实验,尽管模型均方误差(MSE)相差两倍,但基于模型预测的MPC规划结果无统计差异(TOST, n=200);而使用动态不确定性惩罚使碰撞率从26%上升至34%,表明标准MBRL安全代理与实际安全性呈负相关。改用三种世界反馈信号——基于激光雷达的最小距离边距、时间到碰撞的时序信号,以及基于历史碰撞标签训练的输出监督反馈模型g_psi(结构类似RLHF中的奖励模型)——后,碰撞率降至1%-14%,且无需重训练世界模型或规划器。其机制在于:模型不确定性分布在状态预测空间,而任务风险集中在约束边界,两者相关性极低(r < 0.15)。由此提出三条RLxF原则:将风险根植于世界结果、部署前验证代理有效性、当直接世界信号不可用时用输出训练的反馈模型替代。这些原则同样适用于模型基控制及大模型对齐中的验证器或RLHF方法。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The RLxF programme argues that learning signals should come from world feedback rather than from internal model proxies. We instantiate this position in safe model-based control and distil it into three concrete design principles. Empirically, across four world-model architectures spanning a 2x MSE range, MPC planning is statistically equivalent (TOST, n=200), and dynamics-based uncertainty penalties increase collision rates from 26% to 34%: the standard MBRL safety proxy is anti-correlated with safety in this regime. Replacing the model-internal proxy with three world-feedback signals (a sensor-derived margin via minimum lidar, a temporal signal via time-to-collision, and an outcome-supervised feedback model g_psi trained on prior collision labels, structurally analogous to outcome-trained reward models in RLHF) reduces collisions to 1-14% without retraining the world model or the planner. The mechanism is structural: model uncertainty has support over state-prediction space, whereas task risk has support over constraint boundaries, with empirical correlation r < 0.15. From this we extract three RLxF principles (ground risk in world outcomes, validate proxies before deployment, and substitute outcome-trained feedback models when direct world signals are unavailable) and argue they apply equally to model-based control and to verifier-based or RLHF approaches in LLM alignment.
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