发现AI代理执行中安全退化与操作幻觉问题,提出可插拔防护架构。
Operational Hallucination and Safety Drift in AI Agents
- 设计动作感知监督层,实时校验意图与动作一致性。
- 在多轮任务中检测到安全退化与死循环现象,跨模型普遍存在。
- 适合关注AI代理可靠性与安全性的研究人员和开发者。
作为工具使用自主代理规划器的大语言模型引入了多轮执行中的动态可靠性风险。尽管单轮安全机制较成熟,但长期交互暴露结构缺陷:初始对齐随时间退化。本文通过多轮实验,实证分析两类失败模式:安全退化(声明的安全意图逐渐消失,导致违规行为,如先拒绝后侦察并执行)与操作幻觉(持续重复工具调用,反映状态感知错误,如合法任务中出现活锁)。在高危伦理困境、恶意请求和良性对照场景下,利用声明-行动差距与活锁指标量化这些现象,证实其在直接执行协议下跨模型普遍性。根源分析表明,当前代理循环中推理上下文与执行状态脱钩。为此提出动作感知监督层——一种轻量级、可插拔的架构蓝图,包含意图-动作一致性检查、运行时状态追踪和强制终止机制。事后模拟显示该层能拦截已观测违规行为,且在良性案例中无误报。本工作推动代理可靠性,从语言防护转向可执行的架构机制,促进负责任的智能体发展。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large language models (LLMs) serving as planners in tool-using autonomous agents introduce dynamic reliability risks in multi-turn execution. While single-turn safety mechanisms are relatively mature, extended interactions reveal structural vulnerabilities where initial alignment degrades over time. This paper empirically characterizes two observed failure modes across multiple state-of-the-art LLMs: Safety Drift, the gradual erosion of declared safety intent leading to constraint-violating actions (e.g., textual refusal followed by reconnaissance and unsafe execution), and Operational Hallucination, persistent repetitive tool calls indicative of flawed state perception (e.g., livelocks even in legitimate tasks). Through controlled multi-turn evaluation on high-stakes ethical dilemmas, malicious requests, and benign controls, we quantify these phenomena using declaration-action gap and livelock metrics, demonstrating their cross-model prevalence under direct execution protocols. Root-cause analysis attributes the instabilities to the decoupling of reasoning context from execution state in current agent loops. We propose an Action-Aware Supervision Layer - a lightweight, plug-and-play architectural blueprint incorporating intent-action consistency checks, runtime state tracking, and forced termination primitives. Post-hoc simulation on captured failure trajectories shows the layer can intercept observed violations without false positives on benign cases. This work advances agent reliability by shifting focus from linguistic safeguards to enforceable architectural mechanisms for responsible agentic AI.
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