arXiv:2607.19369cs.AI2026-07

模型看似能猜对手牌,实则主要靠下注组合信息

Beyond Tracking or Shortcut: Composition-Bounded Predictive States in Poker Autoregressive Models

论文配图:Beyond Tracking or Shortcut: Composition-Bounded Predictive States in Poker Autoregressive Models
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用下注组合比隐藏状态更能解释对手牌的预测信号
  • 模型在公开信息上表现优于基线5个百分点,但受组合主导
  • 发现隐藏状态仅提供有限信息,不能证明真实信念追踪

隐状态探测常在不完全信息序列模型中恢复潜在标签,但这并不足以证明模型维持了对隐藏状态的后验分布。本文研究了一个仅以行动和价值为目标训练的无范围限德州扑克自回归模型。在三个种子中的两个里,对手范围探测在控制行动/价值后仍为正;行为头仅基于公开历史即可将未见行动预测准确率提升约5个百分点。然而,可见公共下注组合所解释的对手范围信号,远超残余隐藏状态。行动/价值+组合基线达到16.5%-16.7%的顶级10准确率,而组合-残差隐藏探测降至11.4%-12.2%,且所有种子匹配组合对比均为负。我们称之为‘组合受限预测支持’:隐藏状态虽具行为预测力且与对手范围相关,但可恢复的范围信息主要由可见下注组合解释,而非残余隐藏结构。这是关于对手范围表征证据的案例研究,非精确贝叶斯后验追踪或因果信念机制。合成控制与神谕验证显示,在匹配控制下,相同诊断可接受后验敏感状态,拒绝原始组合状态。因此,阳性信念探测应在对照条件下解读,才可视为信念追踪证据。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Hidden-state probes often recover latent labels in imperfect-information sequence models, but this alone does not establish that a model maintains a posterior belief distribution over hidden states. This paper studies this ambiguity in a no-range Limit Hold'em autoregressive model trained only on action and value targets, not on an opponent's hand or range. Opponent-range probes are positive after action/value controls in two of three seeds, and the behavior head predicts held-out actions about five percentage points above a baseline using only observable public history. However, visible public betting composition explains more opponent-range signal than residual hidden states, suggesting that most recoverable information comes from betting summaries. Action/value+composition baselines reach 16.5-16.7% top-10 accuracy while composition-residual hidden probes fall to 11.4-12.2%, and matched-composition comparisons are negative in every seed. We call this evidence pattern composition-bounded predictive support: hidden states remain behavior-predictive and opponent-range correlated, but most recoverable range information is explained by visible betting composition rather than residual hidden-state structure. This is a case-study claim about opponent-range representational evidence, not exact Bayesian posterior tracking or a causal belief mechanism. Synthetic control and oracle validations show that the same diagnostics accept posterior-sensitive states and reject raw composition states under matched controls. Thus positive belief probes should be interpreted through targeted alternatives before being treated as evidence of belief tracking.

博弈论隐藏状态扑克模型表征分析

Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。