利用体积数据的时间与结构一致性,无训练地修复弱监督分割中的噪声激活图。
Robust Activation Map Rectification for Weakly Supervised Volumetric Segmentation: Temporal Coherence as a Free Lunch

- 通过聚合激活图降低噪声,理论证明可减少方差。
- 双向极值检测修复异常激活,提升分割稳定性。
- 无需额外训练,适配现有流程,提速超5倍且增效显著。
弱监督分割严重依赖类别激活图(CAMs)进行目标区域初定位,但CAMs常含噪声且易出现灾难性失效。现有方法通常引入额外训练阶段或原型学习,增加计算开销并降低鲁棒性。本文提出一种无训练、无原型的框架,利用体积数据中的时间与结构一致性作为免费优势来修正不可靠的CAMs。核心包含两个组件:首先,提出方差抑制激活聚合(VRAA),通过将CAMs建模为高维随机向量,理论上证明聚合能有效降低方差并增强一致的语义信号;其次,设计双向极值修正(BER)机制,通过双向极值检查检测并修正不合理激活,避免极端值失败且无需学习参数。该方法模型无关,可无缝集成至现有流水线。在多个公开基准上的大量实验表明,相比当前最优弱监督方法,其在Dice上提升最多达20%,mIoU提升40%,同时推理时间减少超过5倍。结果表明,利用一致性作为隐式归纳偏置,是一种原则性强且高效的弱监督体积分割稳定策略。代码将公开。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Weakly supervised segmentation relies heavily on class activation maps (CAMs) to initially localize target regions. However, CAMs are often noisy and prone to catastrophic failures. Existing remedies typically introduce additional training stages or prototype learning, increasing computational cost and reducing robustness. In this paper, we propose a training-free prototype-free framework that rectifies unreliable CAMs by exploiting temporal and structural coherence in volumetric data as a free lunch. Our approach is built on two key components. First, we introduce Variance-Reduced Activation Aggregation (VRAA) which suppresses noise and amplify coherent semantic signals. We provide a theoretical justification by modeling CAMs as high-dimensional random vectors and show that aggregation yields provable variance reduction. Second, we design a Bidirectional Extremity Rectification (BER) mechanism that detects and rectifies implausible activations through bidirectional extremity checks, effectively mitigating extreme-value failures without learning additional parameters. Our method is model-agnostic and can be seamlessly integrated with existing pipelines. Extensive experiments on multiple public benchmarks demonstrate substantial improvements over state-of-the-art weakly supervised methods, achieving up to 20% Dice and 40% mIoU gains while reducing inference time by more than 5 times. These results indicate that leveraging coherence as an implicit inductive bias yields a principled and efficient approach to stabilizing weakly supervised volumetric segmentation. Our code will be available.
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