arXiv:2607.20119stat.MLcs.LG2026-07

提出快速方向性分布对比方法,可识别分布偏移方向。

Directional Kernel Mean Difference: A Fast Signed Statistic for Univariate Distribution Comparison

论文配图:Directional Kernel Mean Difference: A Fast Signed Statistic for Univariate Distribution Comparison
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用奇函数加权核均值嵌入,保留分布偏移方向信息
  • 支持百万级样本秒级计算,抗重尾异常值干扰
  • 适合需要判断分布变化方向的场景,如质量监控

我们提出方向性核均值差(DKMD),一种用于一维分布比较的带符号统计量,能保持分布偏移的方向性。与平方最大均值差异(MMD)因平方操作丢失方向信息不同,DKMD将核均值嵌入的差值与固定奇函数加权结合。该构造具备三个结构性质:反对称性、对称分布差异的免疫性,以及在随机优势下的方向单调性。我们推导出一种数据驱动的黎曼估计器,确保渐近一致性,且在实证评估中严格保持理论保证。为克服核方法的二次计算开销,我们设计了 $O(N "log N)$ 的前缀-后缀扫描算法,利用实数轴的全序关系,仅需 $O(N)$ 内存。在合成基准测试中,DKMD能正确区分方向性偏移与对称扰动,对可能反转均值差异符号的重尾异常值仍具鲁棒性,并可在数秒内处理百万量级样本。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

We introduce the Directional Kernel Mean Difference (DKMD), a signed statistic for univariate distribution comparison that preserves the direction of distributional shifts. Unlike the squared Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD), which discards directional information by squaring the RKHS distance, DKMD integrates the difference of kernel mean embeddings against a fixed odd weighting function. This construction yields three structural properties: antisymmetry, immunity to symmetric distributional differences, and directional monotonicity under stochastic dominance. We derive a data-driven Riemann estimator that ensures asymptotic consistency with the continuous formulation, strictly preserving the theoretical guarantees of the signed statistic in empirical evaluations. To overcome the quadratic computational cost of kernel methods, we develop an $O(N \log N)$ prefix--suffix scanning algorithm that exploits the total order of the real line while requiring only $O(N)$ memory. Experiments on synthetic benchmarks demonstrate that DKMD correctly isolates directional shifts from symmetric perturbations, remains robust to heavy-tailed outliers that can flip the sign of the mean difference, and scales to millions of samples in seconds.

分布比较核方法方向性检测

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