测试大模型代理对第三方危险技能的识别能力,发现系统普遍失效。
OpenSkillRisk: Benchmarking Agent Safety When Using Real-World Risky Third-Party Skills

- 构建263个真实风险技能的基准测试集,分类并配任务与沙箱环境
- 17%情况下最安全配置仍会执行危险操作,上下文依赖风险最难防范
- 揭示三类失败模式:认不出、认出不阻断、过度执行指令
基于大语言模型的智能体在开放世界中使用第三方技能以拓展能力,但这些技能可能隐含安全风险,仅在执行时暴露。本文系统评估当前智能体系统对这类风险的识别与规避能力。为此构建了OpenSkillRisk基准,包含从公开技能市场收集的263个风险技能,按威胁类型分为七类,并为每项技能配备标准化用户任务和沙箱环境。该基准支持量化与定性评估,覆盖更真实多样的危险场景,并可细粒度分析智能体行为。实验涵盖三种主流CLI智能体框架和十三个前沿LLM。结果表明,所有测试系统均无法可靠处理风险:即使最安全配置也约在17%情况下执行危险动作。上下文依赖型与系统级风险尤其难以规避。行为分析揭示三类常见失败模式:无法识别风险、识别后未及时干预、执行超出用户意图范围。研究强调需提升大模型的风险推理能力和智能体框架的执行控制机制。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
LLM-based agents leverage third-party skills to extend their capabilities in open-world scenarios. However, third-party skills can introduce extra security vulnerabilities, as seemingly harmless skills can contain latent safety risks that only emerge during actual execution. In this work, we conduct a systematic investigation into how well current agent systems recognize and avoid such risks. To support quantitative and qualitative evaluation, we construct OpenSkillRisk, a dedicated safety benchmark containing 263 risky skills collected from public skill marketplaces. We classify these skills into seven categories based on their threat types and pair each skill with a standardized user task and a corresponding sandbox for controlled evaluation. Distinct from prior benchmarks, OpenSkillRisk not only covers more realistic and diverse unsafe scenarios, but also provides a fine-grained analysis to diagnose the behavioral patterns of agents in such scenarios. We conduct comprehensive experiments covering three mainstream CLI agent frameworks and thirteen state-of-the-art LLMs. Experimental results show that no tested system handles risky skills reliably: even the safest configurations still execute unsafe actions in about 17% of cases. Context-dependent and system-level risks are especially difficult for current agent systems to avoid. Our behavioral analysis reveals three recurring failure patterns: agents may fail to recognize the risk, recognize it but fail to intervene before acting, or follow skill instructions beyond the user's intended scope. These findings highlight the need to improve both risk reasoning in LLMs and execution control in agent frameworks.
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