用小模型自动分析量子点电荷图,提升量子计算器件调优效率。
Machine Learning for Charge State Characterization of Isolated Double Quantum Dots

- 设计轻量级卷积网络,专用于识别孤立模式下的电荷跃迁线
- 跨设备测试准确率达94%以上,95.3%精确定位电荷线数量
- 模型仅占6.5MB,单张图像处理低于60毫秒,适合实验室部署
构建半导体量子点阵列向容错量子计算扩展,需高效调节自旋量子比特,该过程依赖电荷稳定图(CSMs)分析,仍以人工为主。尽管机器学习已广泛应用于耦合态器件的CSM分析,但对日益重要的孤立模式情形关注较少。在孤立模式下,电荷跃迁表现为近似垂直线,适合构建紧凑的专用模型。本文提出两个参数少于百万的卷积神经网络,基于32个硅金属氧化物半导体(SiMOS)双量子点器件在约1K温度下通过自动化低温探针系统采集的CSMs进行训练。其中16个器件用于训练,16个用于评估跨设备泛化能力,对比人工标注真值。CSMClassifier识别电荷不稳定性与传感器伪影,在2,407张待测图像上实现三类质量的宏平均准确率94%。ChargeLineNet定位电荷跃迁线并确定电子占据数,在1,131张待测图像上实现95.3%的精确线数准确率。二者联合形成完整流程,对93.8%的干净待测图像正确判断电子占据。预训练合成数据显著提升标签效率:在少量实验数据微调时,模型保持超90%准确率;而从零训练则大幅下降。整体模型仅占6.5MB,标准实验设备上每张图像处理时间低于60毫秒,展示出可扩展、自动化的量子点器件表征与调优路径。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Scaling semiconductor quantum dot arrays toward fault-tolerant quantum computing requires efficient tuneup of spin qubits, a process that depends on the analysis of charge stability maps (CSMs) and remains largely manual. While machine learning has been widely applied to CSM analysis in reservoir-coupled devices, automated tuning in the increasingly important isolated-mode regime has received limited attention. In isolated-mode CSMs, charge transitions appear as near-vertical lines, making them well suited to compact, task-specific models. We present two convolutional neural networks with fewer than one million parameters, trained on CSMs collected from 32 silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (SiMOS) double-quantum-dot devices measured at approximately 1 K using an automated cryogenic probing system. Sixteen devices were used for training and sixteen were held out to evaluate cross-device generalization against hand-labeled ground truth. CSMClassifier identifies charge instability and sensor artifacts, achieving 94% macro-averaged accuracy across three quality classes on 2,407 held-out images. ChargeLineNet localizes charge-transition lines and determines electron occupancy, achieving 95.3% exact line-count accuracy on 1,131 held-out images. Combined into a single pipeline, the models correctly determine electron occupancy for 93.8% of clean held-out images. Pre-training on synthetic images substantially improves label efficiency. Fine-tuning the pre-trained model on limited experimental data maintains over 90% accuracy, whereas training from scratch degrades significantly under the same conditions. Together, the two models occupy only 6.5 MB and process images in less than 60 ms on standard laboratory hardware, demonstrating a practical path toward scalable, automated characterization and tuneup of quantum-dot devices.
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