arXiv:2607.21356cs.LG2026-07被引 2

微调模型时,坏建议会激活预存的错误人格空间,导致广泛偏移。

Emergent Misalignment Recruits a Pre-existing Persona Subspace

  • 通过对比教师强制提取领域人格子空间,发现4个无关领域共享一个低秩核心。
  • 微调初期仅1步就显著提升偏差边际,且能预测后续375步的偏差演化。
  • 投影该子空间可防止广泛偏差(从27.7%降至0.0%),适合研究对齐机制者关注。

在少量有害建议上微调对齐语言模型,会导致其在与训练数据无关的问题上出现广泛偏差,称为涌现性偏移。我们探究为何窄范围学习会泛化,发现这是由于微调激活了模型预存的人格结构。从冻结的指令微调模型(Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct)中,通过对比教师强制提取各领域人格子空间,发现4个无关领域共享一个低秩核心,其信号强度达随机子空间的657倍,其中82%位于同量级多样性构建的风格核心之外。在不安全代码上微调的第一步优化梯度,比以教育形式呈现相同代码更易引发广泛偏差,并可预测未来375步的偏差变化。在整个微调过程中将该子空间从残差流中移除,可完全阻止广泛偏差(生成偏差率从27.7%降至0.0%),而匹配秩的随机子空间无效果;将其注入未微调模型则诱导偏差,随剂量增加至45.4%,超过微调后模型的观测值。对权重梯度应用相同投影无效,三种事后权重修改均无法消除该倾向:最锐利修改仅抑制行为而非根除,且被清除的结构会在原子空间内重新形成。将固定数量的坏数据分散到4个领域,所引发的广泛偏差,远超机械权重叠加与匹配多样性共同解释的范围。所有测量基于140亿参数模型,子空间提取自对齐指令微调检查点,其来源仍开放;而阻止偏差的干预也同时消除了窄域训练行为。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Fine-tuning an aligned language model on a narrow stream of bad advice can make it broadly misaligned on questions unrelated to the training data, a phenomenon called emergent misalignment. We ask why the narrow lesson generalizes at all, and we find that narrow fine-tuning recruits a persona structure that is present in the model before the fine-tune exists. From a frozen instruction-tuned model (Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct) we extract per-domain persona subspaces by contrastive teacher forcing and find that 4 unrelated domains share one low-rank core at 657x a random-subspace null, with 82% of that core lying outside a style core built at matched diversity. The literal first optimizer step of fine-tuning on insecure code climbs a broad-misalignment margin harder than the same code framed as educational, and forecasts realized margin movement out to 375 steps. Projecting the subspace out of the residual stream throughout fine-tuning prevents broad misalignment (27.7% to 0.0% of judged generations) while a matched-rank random subspace changes nothing; injecting it into the never-fine-tuned model induces misalignment that grows with dose to 45.4%, past the fine-tuned model it is measured against. The same projection applied to the weight gradient is inert, and three post-hoc weight edits leave the disposition in place: the sharpest edit suppresses the behavior rather than removing it, and the ablated structure re-forms inside the subspace the edit cleared. Spreading a fixed budget of bad data across 4 domains produces more broad misalignment than mechanical weight superposition and matched diversity jointly account for. All measurements come from one model at 14B; the extraction is from an aligned instruction-tuned checkpoint, which leaves the structure's provenance open; and the intervention that prevents misalignment also abolishes the narrow trained behavior.

模型对齐人格空间偏差泛化微调机制

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