用贝叶斯优化加速1310nm光子晶体激光器设计，提升稳定性与性能。
Reliability-Aware Bayesian Optimization of 1310 nm PCSELs with FDTD Verification
- 结合商业FDTD求解器与可靠性感知贝叶斯优化，自动筛选最优结构。
- 实现60-108倍于基线的等效品质因子，波长1308.23-1310.90nm，发散角约0.84°。
- 适合光通信与传感领域需高稳定性、窄光束激光器的设计者参考。
近1310 nm光子晶体表面发射激光器（PCSELs）是光通信与传感中理想的窄光束光源，但其最终设计优化成本高昂。微小几何变化会同时影响带边共振、腔体漏光、远场发散及高Q值衰减拟合的数值稳定性，且每次全波模拟均需时域仿真。本文将商用有限差分时域（FDTD）求解器与可靠性感知贝叶斯优化（BO）框架结合，针对八个局部设计变量进行优化。每个完成的仿真更新代理模型以指导下一组结构选择。候选方案通过波长与光束质量要求，并融合由求解器报告的相对拟合误差估计 $dQ/Q$ 推导出的可靠性调整指标 $Q_{\mathrm{eff}}$ 进行排序。在三个80次评估的运行中，平均每轮生成5–15个满足联合过滤条件的设计；从新模型重建的结构保持 $Q_{\mathrm{eff}} = 4.33 \times 10^6$ – $7.76 \times 10^6$，较基线提升60–108倍，波长位于1308.23–1310.90 nm，远场发散角约0.84°。在相同计算预算下，BO获得最高均值严格过滤通过数（9.0个），优于差分进化（7.0）与拉丁超立方采样（1.5），尽管对照组偶能匹配峰值 $Q_{\mathrm{eff}}$。场分布图、共振谱与局部扰动分析进一步揭示了由折射率调控波长、由孔径尺寸调控漏光的机制。最终的FDTD预算产出一批波长兼容、窄光束、可复现的高Q PCSEL候选设计，无需依赖单一乐观的衰减拟合结果。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Near 1310 nm photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) are attractive narrow-beam sources for optical communication and sensing, but their final design refinement is costly. Small geometry changes simultaneously shift the band-edge resonance, cavity leakage, far-field divergence, and the numerical stability of a high-$Q$ decay fit, while every full-wave trial requires a time-domain simulation. We couple a commercial finite-difference time-domain solver to a reliability-aware Bayesian optimization (BO) loop over eight local design variables. Each completed simulation updates the surrogate used to choose the next geometry. Candidate ranking combines wavelength and beam-quality requirements with a reliability-adjusted metric $Q_{\mathrm{eff}}$ derived from the solver-reported relative fit-error estimate $dQ/Q$. Across three 80-evaluation runs from the same reference model, BO produced 5--15 candidates per run that passed the joint filter. Designs reconstructed from fresh model copies retained $Q_{\mathrm{eff}}=4.33\times10^6$--$7.76\times10^6$, a 60--108-fold increase over the baseline metric, at 1308.23--1310.90~nm with approximately $0.84^{\circ}$ divergence. Under equal budgets, BO gave the highest mean strict-filter yield (9.0 candidates), compared with differential evolution (7.0) and Latin-hypercube sampling (1.5), although the controls occasionally matched the peak $Q_{\mathrm{eff}}$. Field maps, resonance spectra, and local perturbations further identify an index-related wavelength handle and a hole-size-related leakage handle. The resulting FDTD budget produces a pool of wavelength-compatible, narrow-beam, and reproducible high-$Q$ PCSEL candidates without trusting a single optimistic decay fit.
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