通过动态卷积重构专家混合,实现大模型全链路高效扩展。
cMoLLM at Scale: Horizontal Scaling Laws for Mixture-of-LLMs

- 将专家混合重构成可微动态卷积,实现端到端路由
- 在相同算力下,困惑度与下游任务准确率优于基线方法
- 适合追求高效训练与推理的超大规模模型研究者
大语言模型的扩展推动了其成功,但密集Transformer架构使参数容量与计算量耦合:每个参数对每个标记均被激活,导致训练与推理成本随模型规模线性增长——当模型逼近万亿参数时成为关键瓶颈。本文旨在通过在整个LLM流水线中采用类似MoE的混合机制来扩展容量,而非仅限于前馈层。现有流水线级方法如ParaScale引入虚拟标记和并行流,但存在显著开销、路由同质化与梯度崩溃问题;AltUp采用辅助预测分支,但适应性有限且收敛缓慢。我们发现,MoE式混合层可重新表述为变核动态卷积,每个专家对应一个$1{ imes}1$卷积核,路由实现输入相关的核聚合。基于此等价性,提出cMoLLM:一种通过可微动态卷积在端到端流上路由的卷积门控混合模型。在FineWeb数据集上训练的GPT-2风格模型中,cMoLLM在匹配算力条件下提升了语言建模困惑度及GLUE、SQuAD下游任务准确率,具备更优的流利用率、更稳定的优化过程和有利的扩展特性,显著优于ParaScale与AltUp类基线。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Scaling large language models (LLMs) has driven their success, yet dense Transformers couple capacity and computation: every parameter is activated for every token, making training and inference costs grow linearly with model size-a critical bottleneck as models approach trillion-parameter regimes. We aim to scale capacity through MoE-style mixture throughout the LLM pipeline rather than only the FFN. Prior pipeline-level approaches include ParaScale, which introduces virtual tokens and parallel streams but incurs substantial overhead and suffers from homogenized routing and gradient collapse, and AltUp, which uses an auxiliary prediction branch but offers limited adaptivity and slow convergence. We establish that MoE-style mixture layers can be reformulated as variable-kernel dynamic convolutions, where each expert corresponds to a $1{\times}1$ convolutional kernel and routing implements input-conditioned kernel aggregation. Building on this equivalence, we introduce cMoLLM: a convolutionally gated mixture-of-LLMs that routes over end-to-end streams through fully differentiable dynamic convolution. In GPT-2-style models trained on FineWeb, cMoLLM improves language modeling perplexity and downstream GLUE and SQuAD accuracy under matched compute, with better stream utilization, more stable optimization, and favorable scaling compared to ParaScale- and AltUp-style baselines.
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