电动拖车+编队行驶，让货运每吨英里成本降56%。
Robostreet Flow: A Lightweight, Ultra-Low-Drag Electric Tractor and Four-Truck Hybrid Convoy Architecture for Minimum-Cost Point-to-Point Freight
- 轻量化电车+四车编队，减少空气阻力与人力成本。
- 编队行驶能耗1.27度/英里，比单辆省20.5%电量。
- 适合高密度点对点货运，适合关注降本的物流企业。
干线卡车运输成本主要由能源、司机人工和设备三部分构成，现有技术通常只优化其中一项。本文提出Robostreet Flow货运架构，通过联合优化车辆设计、编队形式与运营模式，实现高密度点对点线路单位吨英里的最低成本。该平台为电池电动6x4牵引车，采用泪滴形单座驾驶室，风阻系数0.35，较传统8类卡车降低约40%。碳纤维一体化车身与结构集成电池使整车净重减轻50%。牵引车配备513 kWh电池，挂车搭载340 kWh电池，支持500英里单次续航。四辆流动车组成协同编队，仅首车配置安全驾驶员，其余三辆以SAE Level 4自动驾驶运行。计算流体动力学模拟显示，8米间距紧随可使后车风阻系数降低42%-48%，前部峰值压力降至首车的约四分之一。基于此的纵向能耗模型预测，车队平均能耗为1.27 kWh/mi，较孤立车辆的1.60 kWh/mi降低20.5%。电力成本约为同等柴油成本的17%。将一名司机分摊至四辆车，并利用轻量化增加有效载荷，使运营成本从9.4美分/吨英里降至4.1美分，降幅达56%。论文还包含敏感性分析、枢纽间运营概念及监管影响讨论。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Line-haul trucking costs are dominated by three comparably sized components: energy, driver labor, and equipment. Most efficiency technologies address only one component at a time. This paper presents Robostreet Flow, a freight architecture that jointly optimizes the vehicle, convoy formation, and operating model to minimize cost per ton-mile on high-volume point-to-point corridors. The Flow platform is a battery-electric 6x4 tractor with a teardrop single-seat cab and a drag coefficient of 0.35, approximately 40% below that of conventional Class 8 tractors. A carbon-composite monocoque and structurally integrated batteries reduce net vehicle weight by 50%. A 513 kWh tractor battery and a 340 kWh powered trailer battery provide a 500-mile single-charge range. Four Flow trucks operate as a coordinated convoy with a safety driver only in the lead vehicle, while three followers operate in SAE Level 4 automated mode. Computational fluid dynamics simulations show that close following at an 8 m gap reduces follower drag coefficients by 42-48% and follower peak frontal pressure by approximately a factor of four relative to the exposed lead vehicle. A longitudinal energy model calibrated to these results predicts fleet-average consumption of 1.27 kWh/mi in convoy, compared with 1.60 kWh/mi for an isolated vehicle, for a 20.5% energy saving. Electricity cost is approximately 17% of the equivalent diesel fuel cost. Amortizing one driver across four trucks and accounting for the additional payload enabled by lightweighting reduce operating cost from 9.4 to 4.1 cents per ton-mile, a 56% reduction relative to a diesel baseline. Sensitivity analysis, a hub-to-hub operating concept, and regulatory implications are also presented.
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