OPAL通过智能生成候选放置位和学习排序,提升工业3D装箱效率。
Operationally Guided Placement-Aware Learning for Industrial Online 3D Bin Packing

- 用操作导向的空隙生成器筛选低、稳、紧凑且多样化的放置候选
- 在BED-BPP上实现0.49的平均空间利用率,提升15.1%与6.3%
- 适合物流与自动化装箱场景,兼顾效率与稳定性
在线三维装箱问题(3D-BPP)是物流与工业码垛中的长期挑战。现有基于学习的方法依赖于预设的候选放置位生成策略,其性能受限于候选生成与表征方式,尤其在需高空间利用率、稳定、紧凑与平衡的工业场景中更为明显。以往工作多优化决策策略,而候选生成与表征仍以几何驱动为主。本文提出OPAL框架,结合操作导向的空隙最大空间生成器(OG-EMS)、候选放置的操作化表征,以及使用近端策略优化训练的掩码排序策略。OG-EMS在每个空隙区域评估多个锚点,优先选择低、支撑好、紧凑且空间分布多样化的放置。基于xLSTM的放置编码器建模几何与操作属性间的依赖关系,轻量级循环核心将嵌入表示与当前物品及托盘状态结合,对可行动作进行排序。在BED-BPP基准测试中,OPAL实现0.49的平均空间利用率,相比操作导向的候选生成提升15.1%,学习排序带来6.3%的增益,同时保持鲁棒的推理性能。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The online three-dimensional bin packing problem (3D-BPP) is a longstanding challenge in logistics and industrial palletizing. Recent learning-based methods use a learned policy to select among feasible candidate placements. Performance depends on the candidate generator and representation, especially in industrial settings where packings must be space-efficient, stable, compact, and balanced. However, prior work has mainly optimized the policy, while candidate generation and representation remain largely geometry-driven. We address this gap with OPAL, an operationally guided placement-aware learning framework for industrial online 3D-BPP which combines an Operationally Guided Empty-Maximal-Space generator (OG-EMS), an operational representation for each candidate placement, and a masked ranking policy trained with proximal policy optimization. OG-EMS evaluates multiple anchors within each free-space region and prioritizes low, well-supported, compact, and spatially diverse placements. An xLSTM-based Placement Encoder models dependencies among geometric and operational candidate attributes, while a lightweight recurrent core combines the resulting embeddings with the current item and pallet state to rank feasible actions. On the BED-BPP benchmark, OPAL achieves a mean space utilization of 0.49, with improvements of 15.1% from operationally guided candidate generation and 6.3% from learned ranking, while maintaining robust inference-time performance.
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