arXiv:2608.01949cs.IR2026-08

自触发智能推送系统提升用户留存,降低资源消耗。

A Self-Triggered Agentic Push Recommendation System

论文配图:A Self-Triggered Agentic Push Recommendation System
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用自触发机制闭环决策推送时机与是否发送。
  • 线上测试提升活跃天数0.2843%,降低权限关闭率1.9089%。
  • 适合大规模平台优化推送效率与用户体验。

推送通知是大型平台关键的推荐场景,可主动触达应用外用户以提升长期回访率。但设计最优推送系统需在严格资源约束下处理‘是否发送及何时发送’的复杂决策空间。现有方案多为被动模式:预设频率方法依赖离线建模,缺乏实时适应性;固定间隔触发则周期性轮询,导致计算开销过大或难以捕捉最佳时机。此外,多阶段框架易陷入局部最优。为此,本文提出 STEPS——一个已部署于抖音(超10亿用户)的端到端自触发智能推送系统。STEPS 将推送推荐重构为自触发智能体流程,系统不仅决定是否推送,还自主决定下次唤醒时间,形成闭环。系统包含两个基于决策变换器的智能体:规划智能体使用门控序数回归调度下一次触发,执行智能体依据轨迹奖励决定是否推送;另引入轻量级过滤智能体,控制计算开销并防止不合理规划行为。线上A/B测试表明,STEPS显著提升用户活跃天数0.2843%,降低推送权限禁用率1.9089%,过滤智能体减少79.42%计算开销。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Push notification is a critical recommendation scenario on large-scale platforms, allowing the system to proactively reach users outside the application to improve long-term re-engagement. However, designing an optimal push system requires handling a complex action space for the "whether and when" delivery problem under strict system resource constraints. Existing solutions typically fall into two passive paradigms: pre-planned frequency methods that allocate delivery times via offline modeling, limiting real-time adaptability; and fixed-interval triggering methods that periodically poll the system, creating a strict dilemma between excessive computational overhead and diminished optimal timing capture. Furthermore, such multi-stage frameworks severely suffer from local optima. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, we propose STEPS, a proactive, Self-Triggered End-to-end Agentic Push Recommendation System, which is already fully deployed at Douyin with over 1 billion users. STEPS reformulates push recommendation as a self-triggered agentic process in which the system decides not only whether to send a push, but also when to invoke itself again, thereby forming a closed loop that balances real-time effectiveness and efficiency. Specifically, STEPS consists of two decision transformer-based agents: a planning agent that schedules the next system invocation using a gated ordinal regression method, and an execution agent that decides whether to send a push based on trajectory rewards. Furthermore, we introduce a lightweight filtering agent to both control computational overhead and act as a crucial safeguard against unreasonable planning behaviors. Online A/B testing demonstrates that STEPS significantly increases user active days by 0.2843% and reduces the push permission disablement rate by 1.9089%, while the filtering agent reduces computational overhead by 79.42%.

智能推送自触发决策智能推荐系统

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