发现麻醉状态解码失败源于阈值不准，而非脑区信号表示失效。
Cross-Anesthetic ECoG State Decoding Fails at the Decision Threshold, Not the Representation
- 用自基线锚定的动态阈值修复了氯胺酮解码问题
- 不同麻醉药间神经表征可跨药物迁移，准确率超0.96
- 适合关注麻醉监测与模型校准的临床研究者
从皮层活动解码麻醉状态在不同药物类别中均失败，尤以氯胺酮为甚；但现有准确率无法区分是神经表征失效还是决策阈值失准。本研究通过带真标签的控制实验，分离二者影响。在五种作用机制各异的麻醉药（异氟烷、右美托咪定、氯胺酮、丙泊酚、咪达唑仑）下，利用小鼠皮层电图（250 Hz带限局部场电位，采样率1875 Hz），采用空间盲带功率解码、协方差/黎曼表示及黎曼域适应方法，进行留一药外评估。结果显示：神经表征具有跨药迁移性，所有保留药物的会话级受试者曲线下面积（AUROC）均不低于0.96，包括氯胺酮（0.980，聚类置信区间0.821~1.000）。失败仅限于阈值：三种表示下氯胺酮排名近似不变，但平衡准确率从随机水平波动至高值；置换检验显示排名显著（p=0.0025），但固定阈值准确率不显著（p=0.3795）。黎曼域适应整体呈负效。基于个体诱导前基线的因果性、无标签阈值可有效修复氯胺酮解码（平衡准确率0.50→0.85），优于域适应。因氯胺酮测试会话来自亦参与训练的三只小鼠，属个体内跨药物迁移，不支持跨被试群体迁移。结论：跨药物状态解码的瓶颈在于校准，而非表征。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Decoders of anesthetic state from cortical activity fail across drug classes, most notoriously ketamine, but reported accuracy cannot say whether the neural representation or only the decision threshold has failed; we separate the two in a controlled preparation with ground-truth labels. We decoded awake versus anesthetized from mouse electrocorticography (the 250-Hz-bandlimited local field potential, sampled at 1875 Hz) under leave-one-anesthetic-out evaluation across five mechanistically distinct anesthetics (isoflurane, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, propofol, and midazolam), comparing a spatially blind band-power decoder, covariance/Riemannian representations, and Riemannian domain adaptation, with all statistics at the session level and mouse-level cluster bootstrapping for the ketamine fold. The representation transfers: band-power ranks awake versus anesthetized at a session AUROC of at least 0.96 on every held-out drug, ketamine included (0.980, cluster confidence interval 0.821 to 1.000). The failure is confined to the threshold: across three representations the ketamine ranking is near-invariant while its balanced accuracy swings from chance to high, and a permutation test is significant for ranking (p = 0.0025) but not for fixed-threshold accuracy (p = 0.3795). Riemannian domain adaptation is net-negative. A causal, label-free threshold anchored to the subject's own pre-induction baseline fixes ketamine (balanced accuracy 0.50 to 0.85) and dominates domain adaptation. Because the ketamine test sessions come from three mice that also contribute training drugs, this is within-subject cross-drug transfer; we do not claim population-level transfer across subjects. In cross-drug state decoding the actionable failure is calibration, not representation.
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