arXiv:2608.04565cs.CRcs.AI2026-08

攻击者通过操控搜索结果链,让大模型代理逐步被误导,成功率超70%。

Breadcrumbing Search Agents

论文配图:Breadcrumbing Search Agents
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 设计了证据链攻击策略,用可控结果逐步引导代理形成错误结论
  • 在完整测试集上实现55.9%的总体攻击成功率达83.3%的最大值
  • 提出自动优化攻击策略的追踪机制,无需人工重设计

基于大模型的搜索代理广泛用于信息检索任务,但其依赖外部工具返回结果带来重大安全风险:执行过程中获取的网页内容不可信,易受提示注入和目标劫持攻击。现有研究多关注静态网页内容注入,但现代代理会发起后续查询并交叉验证不同来源,单一污染页面常被稀释或排除。我们发现,搜索与页面观测的传递通道是脆弱的安全边界:不仅可暴露代理于单个恶意页面,还能通过中介接口反复操控代理收集证据的方式及最终判断。在受限的工具中间人威胁模型下,每轮查询仅添加一个受控结果即可显著提升攻击成功率,尤其当证据在代理整个行为轨迹中协同时。我们构建了一个策略驱动的长周期攻击系统,并提出权威链劫持(ACH)策略,将分散的结果与页面内容操纵转化为看似互证的连贯证据链。ACH在完整SafeSearch测试集上达到最高整体攻击成功率(55.9% / 83.3%),其中最大值达83.3%。进一步提出追踪引导策略演化(TGSE),能从执行轨迹自动优化攻击策略,取代人工重设计;其最强单设置在保留评估中达到71.4% / 95.0%。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

LLM-based search agents are widely used for information-seeking tasks, but their reliance on external tool returns introduces a critical security risk: web content retrieved during execution is untrusted, exposing agents to prompt injection and goal hijacking. Prior work on search-agent safety primarily focuses on static web-content injection, but modern agents issue follow-up queries and cross-check competing sources, so a single injected page is often diluted or rejected. We show that the channel delivering search and page observations is a fragile security boundary: beyond exposing the agent to a single poisoned page, a mediated search interface can repeatedly steer how the agent gathers evidence and forms its final answer. Under a constrained tool-intermediary threat model, appending only one controlled result per query can substantially increase attack success when the evidence is coordinated across the agent's trajectory. We study this setting with a strategy-driven long-horizon attack system and introduce Authority-Chain Hijack (ACH), an expert-refined strategy that turns isolated search-result and page-content manipulations into a coherent evidence chain across seemingly corroborating sources. ACH achieves the highest Overall ASR among all baselines, reaching 55.9% / 83.3% ASR / MaxN ASR on the full SafeSearch test split. We further introduce Trace-Guided Strategy Evolution (TGSE), which automatically improves attacker strategies from execution traces, replacing manual redesign with trace-driven refinement; its strongest single setting reaches 71.4% / 95.0% in held-out evaluation.

安全攻防搜索代理提示攻击链式攻击

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