揭示马普切语前动词根的语法本质，破解语言演化中的书写误读难题。
Preverbal Uninflected and Underived Roots in Mapudungun. Wuno and Its Implications
- 通过四百年语料库分析，区分三类前动词成分：固定复合、易变形态与真正虚词。
- 发现kim和kupa在1606年后有动词二阶形式，证实其为完整实义动词。
- 提出音节停顿化石假说，解释早期传教士书写空格导致的语法误判。
本文研究马普切语中前动词未屈折、未派生的词根的语法地位，重点考察wuno（意为‘返回/再’）。通过对现有分类体系——辅助词（Smeets, 2008）、情态前缀（Longkon, 2011）和前动词成分/复杂动词词干（Zúñiga, 2006）——的批判性回顾，揭示其局限性。历时语料库分析（1606年至今）显示，这些成分呈现三种不同特征：稳定的V1复合体（kim, shinge）、反映正字法变迁的易变V1形式（pepi, wuno），以及真正的虚词（kalli）。kim和kupa在第二阶段动词形式上的确凿证据，确认其作为完整词汇动词的地位。我们提出一种音韵-正字假设：看似‘可变绑定’的现象，源于早期传教士将音节停顿以空格记录，这一惯例后来被使用者重新解读为句法边界。证据支持Zúñiga的激进串联模型，对无前接触书面传统的语言研究具有深远意义。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
This study examines the grammatical status of preverbal uninflected and underived roots in Mapudungun, with particular focus on wuno 'return/re-'. Through a critical review of scholarly classifications--auxiliaries (Smeets, 2008), modal prefixes (Longkon, 2011), and preverbal particles/complex verb stems (Zúñiga, 2006)--we demonstrate the limitations of existing frameworks. A diachronic corpus analysis spanning four centuries (1606-present) reveals that these elements exhibit three distinct profiles: stable V1 compounds (kim, shinge), volatile V1 rates reflecting orthographic shift (pepi, wuno), and a true particle (kalli). The discovery of V2 attestations for kim and kupa confirms their status as full lexical verbs. We propose a prosodic-orthographic hypothesis: apparent "variable binding" results from the fossilization of prosodic pauses transcribed by early missionaries as spaces, a convention later reanalysed by speakers as syntactic boundaries. The evidence supports Zúñiga's radical concatenation as the correct grammatical model, with implications for the study of languages with no pre-contact written tradition.
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