arXiv:2608.05163cs.CLcs.LG2026-08

英语查询在多语言RAG中隐私泄露风险最高,输入过滤可缓解但非万能。

Where Privacy Risk Lives in English-Source Multilingual RAG: A Stage-Decomposed Audit Across Five Query Languages

论文配图:Where Privacy Risk Lives in English-Source Multilingual RAG: A Stage-Decomposed Audit Across Five Query Languages
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用输入判别器+输出正则过滤双阶段防御,测试五种语言的隐私泄露
  • 英语输出泄漏率最高,仅英语-斯瓦希里语差异显著;阿拉伯语、斯瓦希里语仍有残留泄露
  • 添加真实文档可阻断多数残留泄露,但依赖理想检索,不适用于实际部署

普遍认为切换至非英语语言会增加多语言RAG系统被攻击的风险。本文在基于英文源合成个人身份信息(PII)语料库上,针对五种查询语言进行测试,采用两阶段防御(LLM输入判别器 + 正则输出过滤),整个流水线中翻译器、判别器、反译器和生成器均为Qwen2.5-7B模型,因此所有结论均依赖于该特定管道。在仅输出过滤条件下,英语的非结构化PII泄漏率最高,且仅英语与斯瓦希里语在文档级置信区间内有明显区分。加入输入判别器后,阿拉伯语和斯瓦希里语仍存在残余泄露,且反译查询无法缩小差距(此为消融实验,不可作因果诊断,因反译器也是Qwen)。在另17个残余泄露案例中,将真实语料文档附加至输入判别器,可阻断其中15例。该结果作为机制诊断而非可部署方案:依赖理想检索,仅在对抗查询中评估,未测良性查询误报率,也未评估回答实用性损失。补充材料包含代码、语料、查询及每轮试验的JSONL文件;后续工作建议使用独立机器翻译与非Qwen判别器,结合母语者查询集进行复现,详见局限性部分。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

A common assumption holds that switching to a non-English language makes a multilingual RAG system easier to attack for personal information. We test this on an English-source synthetic-PII corpus with five query languages and a two-stage defence (LLM input judge + regex output filter), in a pipeline whose translator, judge, back-translator, and generator are all Qwen2.5-7B -- so every finding below is pipeline-conditional, not a causal ranking of language-inherent risk. Under output-only filtering, English has the highest observed unstructured-PII leak rate; only English-vs-Swahili separates cleanly under document-level bootstrap intervals. Once the input judge is added, residual leaks remain on Arabic and Swahili, and back-translating the query does not close the gap (an ablation we report but cannot use as a causal diagnostic, since the back-translator is also Qwen). On a separate n=17 multilingual-prompted-judge residual corner, attaching the gold corpus document to the input judge blocks 15/17 residual cells. We frame this last result as a mechanism diagnostic, not a deployable defence: it uses oracle retrieval, BLOCK/ALLOW rates are measured on adversarial queries only, and we measure no benign-query false-positive rate and no answer-utility cost. The supplementary material contains code, corpora, queries, and per-trial JSONLs; the priority follow-up is an independent-MT plus non-Qwen-judge replication with a native-speaker query set, scoped in the Limitations section.

多语言RAG隐私泄露输入过滤语言风险

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