用物理残差反馈提升光学实验自主决策可靠性
OPERA: Operator-residual feedback for reliable autonomous optical experiments with language-model agents
- 将操作抽象为可执行的光学算子，通过物理残差评估结果
- 残差反馈使错误决策率从23.6%降至0.9%，提升任务达成率
- 适合需高可靠性的自动化光学实验，如结构光重建
自主代理依赖评分选择动作，但评分未必反映实验成功。我们提出OPERA，一种面向光学实验的算子-残差框架。该框架将实验操作表示为光学算子，通过物理可解释的残差评估结果。算子定义可执行的测量、控制或重构变更，残差则报告与预设物理条件的偏离。代理利用两者选择、组合或生成算子，并在保留参考数据上独立评估物理性能。在三项光学任务中，仅使用评分反馈导致23.6–39.0%的决策出现分数上升但无物理改进，而算子-残差反馈下该比例仅为0.9–1.9%。算子-残差反馈显著提高任务目标的达成与维持概率，降低实验预算。数字孪生中选定的协议被部署至三台光学仪器，重复实验显示结构光重建的投影预算更低。算子与残差共同提供可量化的物理证据，指导自主决策。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Autonomous agents choose actions using scores that may not reflect experimental success. We developed OPERA, an operator-residual framework for optical experiments. It represents experimental actions as optical operators and evaluates their outcomes using physically interpretable residuals. Operators specify executable changes to measurement, control or reconstruction, while residuals report departures from specified physical conditions. The agent uses both to select, combine or generate operators, and physical performance is evaluated independently against a withheld reference. Across three optical tasks, score-only feedback produced score increases without physical improvement in 23.6--39.0\% of decisions, compared with 0.9--1.9\% for operator-residual feedback. Operator-residual feedback increased the probability of reaching and maintaining task targets and reduced experimental budgets. Protocols selected in digital twins were transferred to three optical instruments, and repeated experiments showed a lower projection budget in structured-light reconstruction. Together, operators and residuals guide autonomous decisions using measurable physical evidence.
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