用真人写字轨迹训练机器人,生成更像人的运动。
Robot Learning from Human Demonstrations: Handwritten Alphabet Trajectories and Human-Likeness Evaluation

- 采集22人3142条手写轨迹,融合力和时间信息建模。
- 生成轨迹人类感知得分71.5(满分100),多数被认为更像人。
- 适合研究人机协作与自然运动生成的学者使用。
示范学习(LfD)为机器人通过观察和模仿人类动态来发展运动技能提供了发展框架,减少对显式编程的依赖。生成类人机器人运动被认为是建立信任、实现自然人机协作的关键因素。本文提出一种从示范中学习类人机器人运动的框架,包括数据收集、概率轨迹学习和感知用户评估。通过触摸屏遥操作界面,从22名参与者处收集了涵盖全部52个拉丁字母大小写组合的3,142条手写示范数据,记录平面位置、接触力和时间信息。在广泛使用的高斯混合模型与高斯混合回归方法基础上,本工作扩展引入力和归一化时间维度,以更丰富地表示人类动态,并调整方法以处理非连续、多段轨迹,实现跨示范泛化。一项包含21名参与者的用户研究,采用0-100连续评分(50为中点),评估生成轨迹的类人度。结果表明,生成轨迹整体类人度得分为71.50(标准差22.56),多数被感知为更像人类。参与者指出几何定位和轨迹顺序是主要感知影响因素,并对类人行为表现出积极态度。所采集数据集已开源,为开发与评估类人机器人运动方法提供可复现基准。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Learning from demonstration (LfD) provides a developmental framework through which robots can develop motor skills by observing and imitating human dynamics, reducing reliance on explicit programming to teach a skill to a robot. The resulting human-like robot motion is recognised as a key factor in building trust and enabling natural collaboration in human-robot interaction. This paper presents a framework for learning human-like robot motion from demonstration, including data collection, probabilistic trajectory learning, and perceptual user evaluation. A dataset of 3,142 handwriting demonstrations was collected from 22 participants across all 52 Latin alphabet character-case combinations via a touchscreen teleoperation interface, capturing planar position, contact force, and timing. Building on the widely used Gaussian Mixture Model and Gaussian Mixture Regression approach for learning from demonstration, the framework is extended in this work by incorporating force and normalised time dimensions to enable richer representation of human dynamics, and adapting it to handle non-continuous, multi-segment trajectories, enabling generalisation across demonstrations. A user study with 21 participants evaluated the perceived human-likeness of the generated trajectories using a continuous scale anchored between robotic and human-like motion, normalised to 0-100 where 50 represents the neutral midpoint. The generated trajectories achieved an overall human-likeness score of 71.50 (SD=22.56), indicating that the majority of trajectories were perceived as more human-like. Participants identified geometric positioning and trajectory sequence as the most influential perceptual factors, and reported positive attitudes toward human-like robot behaviour. The datasets are released as open-source, providing a reproducible benchmark for developing and evaluating human-like robot motion methods.
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