通过虚拟用户生成提升长尾商户曝光,兼顾用户出行与商家供给约束。
Give the Long-tail More SPACE: Promoting Provider Fairness in Next POI Recommendation

- 基于社区推断和供需控制生成虚拟用户,模拟真实出行行为。
- 在三个数据集上显著提升长尾商户公平性,推荐准确率不降反升。
- 无需修改现有模型,适合想改进商户公平性的推荐系统开发者。
Next POI推荐从历史移动序列中预测用户未来目的地,已成为位置服务的核心。然而主流模型过度聚焦少数热门地点,导致长尾商户长期被忽视。尽管公平性受关注,但直接套用现有方法存在问题:(i) 用户存在执行约束;(ii) 商家存在资源供给限制。为此,我们提出SPACE(Supply- and Physics-Aware Conditional Embedding generation)——一种模型无关框架,通过显式可行性与供给控制下的虚拟用户生成,提升长尾商户曝光。SPACE包含三阶段:(1) 社区推断以捕捉异质用户执行约束;(2) 非均衡最优传输分配,在各商家特定供给预算下决定来自不同社区的虚拟用户数量;(3) 约束引导的潜在扩散生成条件化、社区一致的虚拟用户嵌入。生成的用户-商户对可无缝用于训练现有推荐器,无需修改架构。在三个真实数据集上的实验表明,SPACE显著提升提供商公平性,同时维持甚至提升多个基线模型的推荐精度。代码已公开于https://github.com/Anniran1/SPACE-main。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Next point-of-interest (POI) recommendation predicts users' future destinations from historical mobility sequences and has become a key component of location-based services. However, mainstream models often concentrate exposure on a small set of popular POIs, leaving long-tail merchants systematically under-exposed. While provider fairness has recently attracted increasing attention, directly applying existing provider-fairness techniques to POI recommendation is problematic: (i) users face execution constraints; and (ii) POIs face resource supply constraints. To address this, we propose SPACE (Supply- and Physics-Aware Conditional Embedding generation), a model-agnostic framework that improves long-tail POI exposure via virtual user generation under explicit feasibility and supply control. SPACE consists of three stages: (1) community inference to capture heterogeneous user execution constraints; (2) unbalanced optimal-transport allocation to decide how many virtual users each tail POI should receive from which communities under POI-specific supply budgets; and (3) constraint-guided latent diffusion to generate POI-conditional, community-consistent virtual user embeddings. The generated user-POI pairs can be seamlessly used to train existing recommenders without modifying their architectures. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that SPACE substantially improves provider fairness while maintaining and often improving recommendation accuracy across multiple backbone models. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/Anniran1/SPACE-main.
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