arXiv:2608.08157cs.RO2026-08

用事件时间最优控制生成机器人发球,兼顾速度、旋转与物理可行性。

Event-Time Hybrid Optimal Control for Robotic Table Tennis Serves

论文配图:Event-Time Hybrid Optimal Control for Robotic Table Tennis Serves
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 基于事件时间的最优控制,联合优化击球速度、角度与落点时间
  • 实测发球误差13.1±7.3厘米,旋转达30转/秒,成功率高
  • 适合需要精准控制旋转和轨迹的机器人运动系统

机器人发球需在高速和高旋转条件下满足机械系统的动力学约束。与连续击球不同,合法发球还需在发球方台面弹跳并越过球网,构成具有非线性飞行与碰撞动力学的混合系统。本文将旋转控制的发球生成建模为事件时间最优控制问题(event-time OCP),同时优化球拍击球速度、姿态及弹跳、过网、落地时刻,直接在相位边界施加台面弹跳和过网约束。随后通过第二个最优控制问题,将球拍速度与姿态转换为满足关节位置、速度和力矩限制的完整可执行运动。数值与真实机器人实验表明,相比固定步长+根定位方法,所提事件时间方法使求解中位时间降低4.1倍,同时保持相近的落点精度、旋转精度和发球有效性。真实机器人实验验证了对落点的精确控制以及上旋、下旋、侧旋发球,平均落点误差为13.1±7.3厘米,旋转速率最高达30转/秒。结果表明,该方法能高效生成物理合理且动力学可行的发球动作,充分考虑非线性空气动力与碰撞效应。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Robotic table tennis serves require high ball velocity and spin while respecting the robot's kinodynamic limits. Unlike rally strokes, a valid serve must also bounce on the server's side and clear the net, yielding a hybrid system with nonlinear flight and impact dynamics. We formulate spin-controlled serve generation as an event-time \ac{OCP} that optimizes the racket impact velocity and orientation together with the bounce, net-crossing, and landing times, enabling direct enforcement at phase boundaries of table-bounce and net-clearance constraints. The racket velocity and orientation are then converted into a complete kinodynamically feasible motion through a second \ac{OCP} enforcing joint-position, velocity, and torque limits. We evaluate the method numerically and on a KUKA Agilus robot. Compared with a fixed-step formulation with root localization, the proposed event-time formulation reduces the median solve time by a factor of 4.1 while maintaining comparable landing accuracy, spin accuracy, and serve validity. Real-robot experiments demonstrate controlled placement and topspin, backspin, and sidespin serves, with a mean landing error of $13.1 \pm 7.3$~cm and spin rates up to 30~rps. These results show that event-time optimal control efficiently generates physically valid, kinodynamically feasible serves while accounting for nonlinear aerodynamic and impact effects.

机器人发球最优控制运动规划乒乓球

Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。