arXiv:2608.11919cs.CL2026-08

用智能调度让小设备高效训练大模型,不浪费任何算力。

LazyTrain: Limited-resource Allocation toward Zero-waste Yield Optimization in Large Language Model Training

论文配图:LazyTrain: Limited-resource Allocation toward Zero-waste Yield Optimization in Large Language Model Training
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 把检查点、内存布局、计算重算和数据传输统筹规划,自动优化
  • 在H800上实测训练速度提升24%,最大可跑更大批次
  • 适合资源有限却想训超大模型的研究者或工程师

在有限硬件条件下训练大语言模型正成为GPU计算、主机内存、PCIe传输和存储带宽之间的调度难题。现有卸载系统虽能减少GPU占用,但固定检查点与放置策略仍使通信暴露于关键路径。本文提出LazyTrain,作为层流执行器之上的优化层。它将检查点选择、激活放置、重计算及CPU-GPU-NVMe通信重叠建模为混合整数调度问题,并在训练中执行求解策略。同时,通过8位优化器状态与快速梯度裁剪合并为单一混合8位操作:状态压缩降低优化器内存,快速裁剪抵消了额外的CPU更新开销。在从Qwen2.5-3B到Qwen3.6-27B的H800实验中,相比基准方案,懒惰训练持续提升约1.24倍的TFLOPS;RTX 3090实验也使每个模型规模下最大可行批量增加1。在主要的Qwen3.6-27B H800 MetaMathQA运行中,达到219.95 TFLOPS与1361 tokens/s,批量72时峰值显存68.84 GB,全评估集精确匹配准确率达95.42%。源码见https://github.com/DataArcTech/LazyTrain。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Training large language models on limited hardware is increasingly a scheduling problem across GPU compute, host memory, PCIe transfer, and storage bandwidth. Existing offloading systems reduce GPU residency, and MegaTrain shows that a CPU-master layer-streaming executor can train large models on a single GPU, but fixed checkpointing and placement heuristics still leave communication exposed on the critical path. We propose LazyTrain, an optimization layer over a layer-streaming executor. LazyTrain formulates checkpoint selection, activation placement, recomputation, and CPU-GPU-NVMe communication overlap as a mixed-integer scheduling problem, then executes the solved policy during training. It further couples 8-bit optimizer states with fast gradient clipping as a single Hybrid 8-bit operator: state compression reduces optimizer-state memory, while fast clipping counteracts the additional CPU-side update overhead. Across H800 experiments from Qwen2.5-3B to Qwen3.6-27B, LazyTrain improves sustained TFLOPS over matched baselines runs by approximately 1.24$\times$; RTX 3090 experiments likewise increase the maximum feasible batch size by one at each model scale. In the primary Qwen3.6-27B H800 MetaMathQA run, LazyTrain reaches 219.95 TFLOPS and 1361 tokens/s at batch size 72, peaks at 68.84\,GB of GPU memory, and obtains 95.42\% exact-match accuracy on the full evaluation split. The source code is available at https://github.com/DataArcTech/LazyTrain.

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