用TLS记录建模网站指纹,抗分布偏移能力强。
CipherSight: Robust Website Fingerprinting via Record-Resource Semantic Supervision under Distribution Shifts

- 基于TLS记录构建分层模型,捕捉流量结构模式。
- 跨时间/地理漂移仍保持90%以上准确率。
- 适合安全监控与隐私分析场景使用。
HTTPS网站指纹技术旨在从加密流量的元数据中识别访问的网站。然而,实际部署中因时间与地理位置变化导致显著的分布外(OOD)问题,且开放世界中常见未见过的网站。现有方法主要依赖原始TCP报文序列,难以捕捉稳定通用的网站表征,导致实际条件下性能下降。本文提出CipherSight,一种基于TLS记录的分层框架,用于鲁棒的HTTPS网站指纹识别。不同于依赖TCP报文序列、对传输层干扰敏感的现有方法,CipherSight通过联合编码多个记录级属性,从TLS记录中学习网站表征。其采用分层架构,同时捕捉单流内TLS记录间的依赖关系及多流间交互,挖掘HTTPS流量中的结构模式。此外,为学习鲁棒表征,CipherSight引入掩码记录建模(MRM)任务以捕获上下文语义,并利用细粒度记录资源标注作为特权监督,通过结构感知目标和语义蒸馏实现。实验表明,在封闭世界设置下,针对超过2,000个网站类别,该方法达到95.41%准确率;在时间与地理漂移下均维持超过90%准确率,显著优于所有对比基线。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
HTTPS website fingerprinting (WF) aims to identify visited websites from metadata observable in encrypted traffic. However, real-world deployments introduce a significant out-of-distribution (OOD) problem caused by temporal and geographic changes, while previously unseen websites are common in open-world scenarios. Existing methods primarily learn from raw TCP packet sequences and struggle to capture stable and generalizable website representations, resulting in performance degradation under practical conditions. We propose CipherSight, a TLS-record-based hierarchical framework for robust HTTPS WF. Unlike existing approaches that rely on TCP packet sequences and are sensitive to transport-layer artifacts, CipherSight learns website representations from TLS records by jointly encoding multiple record-level attributes. It introduces a hierarchical architecture that captures both intra-flow dependencies among TLS records and inter-flow interactions across concurrent flows, enabling the model to exploit structural patterns in HTTPS traffic. Besides, to learn robust representations, CipherSight employs a masked record modeling (MRM) task to capture contextual traffic semantics and leverages fine-grained record-resource annotations as privileged supervision through structure-aware objectives and semantic distillation. Experiments show that CipherSight achieves 95.41% accuracy across more than 2,000 website classes in the closed-world setting and maintains over 90% accuracy under both temporal and geographic drift, consistently outperforming all evaluated baselines.
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