用位平面置换实现无误报率的图像水印，支持任意尺寸且敏感度达单比特。
Bit-Level Triangular Content-Aware Permutation for Fragile Image Watermarking: Zero False Positive Rate, Single-Bit Sensitivity, and Arbitrary Dimension Support
- 在位平面上用内容感知置换生成水印，具内在雪崩效应
- 18种攻击下误报率0%，单比特改动即能检测出篡改
- 适用于医疗影像、法律文件等对安全要求高的场景
随着数字文档交换增长，保护图像免受矢量量化（VQ）和拼贴攻击变得至关重要。现有方法易受这些攻击影响，且仅限固定图像尺寸。本文提出一种新型、与尺寸无关的脆弱水印算法，通过用三角内容感知置换（TCA）替代传统哈希函数，提升安全性和篡改定位能力。图像结合密钥生成的全局噪声并分块处理，核心创新是在位平面层级应用具有内在雪崩效应的内容依赖置换，生成唯一的内容相关水印。对于彩色图像，采用垂直夹心变换融合通道，仅增加1.62倍时间却保留通道间依赖性。'余数合并'策略消除填充限制。在50幅灰度图和10幅彩色图上进行18种攻击测试，17种攻击下误报率FPR=0%，漏报率FNR=0%。椒盐噪声下灰度图漏报率仅0.27%，彩色图0.14%。平均PSNR为51.14 dB（8位）、75.25 dB（12位）、99.33 dB（16位）。嵌入与提取时间分别为1.61秒和1.63秒。该算法在拼贴、VQ、复制移动、JPEG（质量5-95）及几何攻击下均实现100%准确率，为数字取证、医学影像和法律文件认证提供安全解决方案。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
With the growth of digital document exchange, protecting image integrity against attacks such as Vector Quantization (VQ) and collage has become critical. Existing methods are vulnerable to these attacks and limited to fixed image dimensions. This paper presents a novel, dimension-agnostic, fragile watermarking algorithm that enhances security and tamper localization by replacing conventional hash functions with Triangular Content-Aware Permutation (TCA). The image is combined with key-based global noise and divided into blocks. The core innovation is applying content-dependent permutation with intrinsic avalanche effect (TCA) at the bit-plane level, generating a unique content-dependent watermark. For color images, a vertical sandwich transformation merges channels, preserving inter-channel dependency with only 1.62x time increase. The "remainder merging" strategy eliminates padding constraints. Experiments on 50 grayscale and 10 color images under 18 attacks show FPR=0% and FNR=0% for 17 attacks. Salt-and-pepper noise yields negligible FNR of 0.27% (grayscale) and 0.14% (color). Average PSNR is 51.14 dB (8-bit), 75.25 dB (12-bit), and 99.33 dB (16-bit). Embedding and extraction times are 1.61 s and 1.63 s, respectively. The algorithm achieves 100% accuracy against collage, VQ, copy-move, JPEG (quality 5-95), and geometric attacks, providing a secure solution for digital forensics, medical imaging, and legal document authentication.
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