不训练即可选最佳视觉层,提升多模态模型性能
Seeing Before Answering: Training-Free Visual Layer Profiling for Vision-Language Models

- 用视觉表征熵预判最优视觉层,无需额外推理
- 在7个基准上93%任务中找到最优层,误差率低于5%
- 适合希望快速优化模型但不想重训的开发者
LLaVA类多模态模型通常从视觉主干网络的固定末层(如倒数第二层)传递视觉标记给语言模型。我们发现这一默认设置脆弱:在2个模型、7个图像与视频基准上,14个模型-任务组合中有13个最优层并非默认层,且最优层随任务和视觉主干变化。遍历所有层进行推理成本过高,且不存在更好的固定默认层。因此我们探究能否通过表征几何预测层的有用性。研究了基于矩阵的熵(用于单模态层分析),将其扩展为样本级视觉嵌入的视觉数据集熵(VDE);以及用于编码器级模型选择的格罗莫夫-沃瑟斯坦(GW)距离,重新用于层间对齐信号。尽管视觉塔冻结而多模态投影器被训练,我们仍对投影前后两侧进行分析。结果发现,预投影的VDE可迁移,而后投影的GW不可。在100个无标签样本上计算的预投影VDE能有效追踪各层准确率,其前几名覆盖了所有任务中真正的最优层(在基于SigLIP的LLaVA-Video上),并对基于CLIP的Video-LLaVA提供区域级指导。后投影的分析显示,投影器重塑了视觉几何结构,但未抹除性能相关趋势,因此$m{\mathrm{VDE}}_{\mathrm{pre}}$仍是更强信号。而GW在投影后趋于平坦,更适合作为对齐诊断而非选择依据。因此,VDE提供了一种可解释、无需训练的策略,将视觉层搜索范围压缩至少数候选层,便于有限下游验证。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
LLaVA-style Vision-Language Models (VLMs) pass visual tokens from a fixed late layer of the vision backbone, typically the penultimate one, to the language model. We first show that this hidden convention is fragile: across 2 VLMs and 7 image and video benchmarks, the default layer is sub-optimal in 13 of 14 model-task pairs, and the best layer shifts with both task and visual backbone. Finding that layer by exhaustive layer-wise inference is prohibitively expensive, and no better fixed default exists. We therefore ask whether layer usefulness can instead be predicted from representation geometry. We study matrix-based entropy, introduced for unimodal layer analysis, which we compute over sample-level visual embeddings as Visual Dataset Entropy (VDE); and Gromov-Wasserstein (GW) distance, introduced for encoder-level VLM model selection, which we repurpose as a layer-wise visual--language alignment signal. Transferring these to LLaVA-based models is not obvious a priori: the vision tower is frozen while the multimodal projector is trained, so we profile both sides of the projector. We find that VDE transfers, and GW does not. Computed from 100 unlabeled task samples without downstream inference, pre-projector VDE tracks layer-wise accuracy and its top-ranked layers cover the oracle best layer on every task for the SigLIP-based LLaVA-Video, while giving region-level guidance for the CLIP-based Video-LLaVA. Post-projector profiles show that the projector reshapes visual geometry but does not erase the performance-relevant trend, leaving $\mathrm{VDE}_{\mathrm{pre}}$ the stronger signal. GW instead flattens after projection and is best read as an alignment diagnostic rather than a selector. VDE thus offers an interpretable, training-free policy that narrows the visual-layer search to a handful of candidates for limited downstream verification.
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