humanoid机器人实现美式橄榄球精准螺旋传球,突破自适应抓握与高速旋转控制难题。
Throwing a Tight Spiral American Football by a Humanoid Robot

- 采用全身耦合控制策略,分投掷与跟进两阶段精准调控动量
- 实测达到93.6%旋转效率、0.286弧度角度误差,速度达5.35m/s
- 适用于高自由度人形机器人复杂动态抓握与飞行稳定性控制场景
精准投掷美式橄榄球需精确调节释放时的线动量与角动量耦合,以确保飞行稳定性和命中精度。以往机器人投掷研究多聚焦于开指方式下生成动力学可行的速度,而对释放瞬间的旋转注入控制仍缺乏探索,尤其针对空气动力学各向异性的美式橄榄球。本文提出一种由人形机器人完成的旋转载荷稳定的紧密螺旋传球。该任务要求:(i) 在约半秒内准确达成所需耦合动量,涉及高自由度运动;(ii) 管理释放阶段(<100毫秒)复杂的瞬态接触动力学,此时橄榄球在手指间部分脱离,处于欠驱动状态。为此,我们设计了一种耦合的全身控制策略:下肢负责姿态稳定,上肢分为两个阶段——(i) 投掷阶段通过轨迹优化与跟踪加速橄榄球至目标状态;(ii) 跟进阶段使用模型预测控制主动调控手腕及仍在接触的指尖。该框架在配备29自由度的Unitree G1人形机器人和7自由度Dex3-1三指夹持器上进行实验验证。实测结果显示,橄榄球最高实现93.6%旋转效率与0.286弧度线速度-鼻部对齐误差(理想紧螺旋对应100%旋转效率与0弧度误差),在5.35m/s线速度与14.5rad/s角速度下完成传球。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Accurate throwing of the American football requires precise regulation of release conditions, where coupled linear and angular momentum determine flight stability and targeting accuracy. While prior work on robotic object throwing has largely focused on generating dynamically feasible release velocities using open-gripper paradigms, explicit control of spin injection at detachment remains underexplored, particularly for aerodynamically anisotropic objects like the American football. In this paper, we present the spin-stabilized controlled tight spiral throw of an American football by a humanoid robot. Achieving this requires (i) accurately reaching the desired coupled momentum, which often involves high degrees-of-freedom (DoF) movements completed within approximately half a second, and (ii) managing the complex transient contact dynamics that arise during the sub-100-millisecond release phase, when the football is effectively underactuated as it moves partially across the fingers. To this end, we develop a coupled whole-body control strategy where the lower body is performing informed stabilization while the upper body is further divided into two phases with (i) a throw phase accelerating the football to a target state through trajectory optimization and tracking, and (ii) a follow-through phase utilizing model predictive control to actively control the wrist and remaining in-contact fingers. The proposed framework is empirically validated on a 29-DoF Unitree G1 humanoid equipped with a 7-DoF Dex3-1 three-fingered gripper. The thrown American football reaches up to 93.6% spin efficiency and a 0.286 radians linear-velocity-to-nose-alignment (nose-angle) error (where an ``ideal'' tight spiral corresponds to 100 % spin efficiency and 0 radians nose-angle error) at up to a 5.35 m/s linear velocity and an angular velocity of 14.5 rad/s.
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