arXiv:2608.18028cs.CV2026-08

不依赖初始化的三维重建,发现优化好不等于重建准。

Initialization-Free Bundle Adjustment Revisited: A Controlled Experimental Study

论文配图:Initialization-Free Bundle Adjustment Revisited: A Controlled Experimental Study
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用物体空间误差法+变量投影,从随机初始位姿直接优化
  • 低误差解可能对应差异巨大的真实尺度重建结果
  • 适合关注无初始化三维重建的计算机视觉研究者

无初始化束调整(InitFree BA)旨在直接从图像中恢复相机位姿和场景结构,跳过传统运动恢复结构流程中的几何初始化阶段。基于物体空间误差(OSE)公式和变量投影(VarPro)的近期方法在随机相机配置下展现出令人鼓舞的优化行为。然而,现有评估主要衡量优化成功率,未明确低OSE目标是否对应有效的三维重建。本文通过统一评估框架重新审视InitFree BA:结合C++实现的现有OSE公式与基于Blender的数据生成器,提供精确真值及受控的相机配置和观测密度。实验揭示了一个此前被忽视的优化-重建差距:具有相似低OSE值的投影解,在度量升级后可导致显著不同的欧氏重建结果。我们识别出初始化先验、特征点观测密度和度量升级稳定性是决定重建成功的关键因素。总体而言,InitFree BA的核心挑战并非单纯最小化OSE目标,而是获得可可靠升级为度量重建的投影解。我们相信所提出的基准、实现与分析为未来无初始化束调整研究奠定了更坚实的实验基础,该问题在计算机视觉领域仍基本未被探索。项目页面见 https://github.com/simonwebertum/InitFreeBA.git。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Initialization-free bundle adjustment (InitFree BA) aims to recover camera poses and scene structure directly from image observations, avoiding the geometric initialization stages of conventional structure-from-motion pipelines. Recent methods based on Object-Space Error (OSE) formulations and Variable Projection (VarPro) show encouraging optimization behavior from random camera configurations. However, existing evaluations primarily measure optimization success, leaving unclear whether a low OSE objective yields a valid metric 3D reconstruction. We revisit InitFree BA experimentally through a unified evaluation framework combining a C++ implementation of existing OSE formulations with a Blender-based dataset generator providing exact ground truth and controlled camera configurations and observation densities. Our experiments reveal a previously overlooked optimization--reconstruction gap: projective solutions with similarly low OSE values can lead to substantially different Euclidean reconstructions after metric upgrade. We identify initialization priors, landmark observation density, and metric-upgrade stability as key factors governing reconstruction success. Overall, our results suggest that the main challenge of InitFree BA is not merely minimizing OSE objectives, but obtaining projective reconstructions that admit reliable metric upgrade. We believe that the proposed benchmark, implementation, and analysis establish stronger experimental foundations for future research on initialization-free bundle adjustment, a problem largely unexplored within the computer vision community. Project page is available at https://github.com/simonwebertum/InitFreeBA.git.

三维重建无初始化束调整度量恢复

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