arXiv:2608.20210cs.IRcs.AI2026-08

小模型专为CPU设计,用混合结构实现高效推理。

Daedalus-150M: A Convolution-Attention Hybrid Designed for CPU Inference

  • 采用卷积与注意力混合架构,减少内存读取开销。
  • 在599亿词上训练,五任务基准得分47.31,超越多个大模型。
  • 适合资源受限设备,尤其对低延迟推理有要求的场景。

小型语言模型通常先按大型模型构建,再压缩到CPU运行。本文反其道而行之:以单用户、逐令牌、4比特权重、普通CPU为前提,反向设计架构。模型仅在18个模块中的6个保留完整注意力,其余12个使用仅两时间步宽的短卷积,使三分之二的网络不重复读取不断增长的缓存。在599亿词上从头训练,五任务基准得分为47.31,高于预先设定的42.20基准线。该模型优于GPT-2 124M、Pythia-160M、OPT-125M和GPT-neo-125M(均使用3至6倍更多数据),并超过MobileLLM-125M(该模型曾见过一万亿词)的公开成绩。验证比特/字节为0.8685。为验证架构有效性,用相同数据训练了同规模纯注意力模型,并在评分前预设获胜条件。混合模型在质量指标上领先0.81%,下游任务表现相当,4比特文件小6.3%,2048上下文长度下推理快1.76倍,对比外部同规模模型快2.08倍。速度优势随上下文增长而增大,符合机制预测,而精简模型不会呈现此现象。带宽计算仅预测1.17倍加速,说明内存体积非主因。此外,未成功方案包括:4比特带来的显著质量损失、约一半卷积通道无效且无法移除、词汇量过大超出模型容量应有水平。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Small language models are usually built like large ones and then squeezed onto a CPU afterwards. We did the opposite: we fixed the target first, one user, one token at a time, 4-bit weights, ordinary CPU, and chose the architecture to suit it. The result keeps full attention in only 6 of its 18 blocks. The other 12 use short convolutions whose memory is two timesteps wide no matter how long the conversation gets, so two thirds of the network never re-reads a growing cache. Trained from scratch on 59.9B tokens, the model scores 47.31 on a five-task benchmark against a bar of 42.20 that was fixed before training began. It beats GPT-2 124M, Pythia-160M, OPT-125M and GPT-neo-125M, all trained on three to six times more data, and exceeds MobileLLM-125M's published score despite that model seeing a trillion tokens. Validation bits-per-byte is 0.8685. To check the architecture rather than the training recipe, we trained a conventional all-attention model of the same size on the same data, and wrote down the winning condition before scoring either. The hybrid won the chosen quality metric by 0.81%, matched it on downstream tasks, produced a 6.3% smaller 4-bit file, and decoded 1.76x faster at 2048 tokens of context, 2.08x against an external model of similar size. In every measurement the speed advantage is near zero at an empty context and grows with length, which is what the mechanism predicts and what a merely leaner model would not show. A simple bandwidth calculation predicts only 1.17x, so memory volume alone does not explain the gap. We also report what did not work: an unmitigated 4-bit quality cost, roughly half the convolution channels ending up inert and impossible to remove, and a vocabulary larger than this model size warrants.

小模型CPU推理混合架构4比特

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