针对图文图模型的隐蔽后门攻击,让攻击在不被察觉的情况下触发。
Trojaning the Alignment: Stealthy Backdoor Attacks against Graph Foundation Models
- 通过协同生成图文触发器,使图和文本同时指向目标类别。
- 在多个数据集上实现90%以上攻击成功率,且触发模式难以检测。
- 适合研究模型安全、对抗攻击或防御的开发者参考。
文本属性图(TAGs)上的图基础模型(GFMs)通过将图表示与语言语义对齐,支持可迁移的图学习。然而,现有后门攻击主要针对图或文本单一模态,难以在图-语言对齐框架下有效实施:仅图触发器受干净文本语义约束,仅文本触发器无法直接改变被对齐的图表示。此外,由于触发器同时体现为节点文本和局部图结构,容易因语义不连贯或异常子图被发现。本文提出STAG框架,专用于TAGs上GFMs的图-语言对齐界面,通过图触发生成器与文本侧软提示协同,使附带触发的图表示与触发后的文本表示共同移向目标类别的文本区域。为应对隐蔽性挑战,STAG利用候选检索生成可读文本作为触发节点,并正则化触发子图使其局部结构接近原始结构。在多个TAG数据集和代表性GFMs上的实验验证了STAG的有效性与隐蔽性。代码已开源。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Graph Foundation Models (GFMs) on text-attributed graphs (TAGs) align graph representations with language semantics to support transferable graph learning. Despite these advantages, the backdoor vulnerability of GFMs on TAGs remains insufficiently understood, especially under graph-language alignment, where graph and text representations are trained to constrain each other in a shared semantic space. Existing backdoor attacks mainly target either the graph side or the text side, treating the two modalities independently. This makes direct adaptation ineffective: graph-only triggers can be constrained by clean text semantics, while text-only triggers alter the language view but do not directly shift the graph representation being aligned and scored. TAGs also impose a stealth challenge because triggers are exposed as both node text and local graph structure, making incoherent trigger attributes or anomalous subgraphs easy to inspect or filter. In this paper, we propose STAG, a stealthy trojan attack framework designed for the graph-language alignment interface of GFMs on TAGs. STAG coordinates a graph-trigger generator with a text-side soft prompt so that trigger-attached graph representations and triggered text representations move toward the same target-class text region. To address TAG-specific stealthiness, STAG realizes trigger nodes as readable text through candidate retrieval and regularizes the trigger-attached subgraph so that its local structure remains close to the original subgraph. Extensive experiments on multiple TAG datasets and representative GFMs demonstrate the effectiveness and stealthiness of STAG. Our code is available at https://github.com/ventr1c/STAG.
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