arXiv:2608.21292cs.AI2026-08

提出分阶段优化技能的统一框架,让智能体逐步学会何时用、如何用技能。

AUSO: Action-Level Unified Skill Optimization from Internalization to Utilization

论文配图:AUSO: Action-Level Unified Skill Optimization from Internalization to Utilization
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 按动作级别动态调整技能学习与使用,分三阶段推进。
  • 在ALFWorld等3个数据集上性能优于现有方法,泛化能力更强。
  • 适合需要灵活运用技能的复杂任务,如对话式导航与推理。

技能在智能体策略演进中扮演不同角色:初期应提供可学习的知识,中期支持能力形成,后期仅在提升决策时调用。现有方法很少建模这一生命周期,或始终将技能置于模型外,或完全内化,或通过噪声较大的任务成功率选择内化与使用目标,导致训练割裂且对轨迹内各动作一视同仁。为此,本文提出AUSO(Action-level Unified Skill Optimization),通过渐进式、动作感知的优化过程统一技能学习与使用。训练初期,AUSO联合教师指导与环境反馈,使策略在不丢失任务导向信号的前提下习得基础技能;中期侧重基于结果的策略优化,巩固自主求解能力;成熟阶段,AUSO评估每个采样动作在有无技能条件下的表现,将动作级信息信号与轨迹收益优势结合,使有益技能动作获得更强更新,有害动作被抑制。因此,技能逐步从外部监督源转变为适应动作级效益的决策知识,强化学习贯穿始终。在ALFWorld、WebShop和SearchQA上的实验表明,AUSO持续提升智能体性能,并在分布外泛化上优于竞争基线。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Skills play different roles as an agent's policy evolves: they should first provide learnable knowledge, then support capability formation, and finally be invoked only when they improve individual decisions. Existing methods rarely model this lifecycle. They either keep skills outside the model, fully internalize them, or select among internalization and utilization objectives through noisy task-level success rates. Such designs fragment training and assign uniform importance to actions within the same trajectory, even though skill guidance may help some decisions while distracting others. To solve these problems, we introduce AUSO (Action-level Unified Skill Optimization), which unifies skill learning and skill use through a progressive, action-aware optimization process. At the beginning of training, AUSO jointly learns from teacher guidance and environmental outcomes, enabling the policy to acquire foundational skills without losing task-oriented feedback. It subsequently emphasizes outcome-based policy optimization to consolidate autonomous problem-solving ability. As the policy matures, AUSO evaluates each sampled action under both skill-conditioned and skill-free contexts. The resulting action-level information signal is coupled with the trajectory outcome advantage, allowing beneficial skill-sensitive actions to receive stronger updates and harmful ones to be suppressed. Therefore, skills gradually transition from an external source of supervision into decision knowledge whose utilization is adapted to its action-level benefit, while reinforcement learning remains the shared backbone across all stages. Experiments on ALFWorld, WebShop, and SearchQA show that AUSO consistently improves agent performance and out-of-distribution generalization over competitive baselines.

强化学习技能优化智能体任务泛化

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