用常规超声设备无创测组织声速，助力疾病早期诊断
Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Methods for Speed-of-Sound Estimation: A Review
- 基于回波信号分析，不依赖特殊硬件即可估算声速
- 支持全局、分层及局部声速成像，精度达1%以内
- 适合乳腺、肝脏和肌肉病变的定量检测，临床转化潜力大
声速（SoS）是超声波束形成的基础，也是组织表征的有前景的定量生物标志物。尽管透射法和反射法已证明其诊断价值，但它们需要专用硬件或受限的采集几何结构，限制了临床应用。脉冲-回波声速成像通过常规超声探头和数据采集方式实现声速估计，克服了这些局限。本综述系统梳理了脉冲-回波声速估计方法，按信息来源、声速表示形式和重建策略分类。涵盖局部性：全局、分层、空间分辨预测；预测策略包括无梯度搜索、基于优化的方法、解析闭式近似和深度学习方法。最后总结了在乳腺、肝脏和肌肉中的新兴诊断应用，并讨论了当前挑战与未来可能性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Speed of sound (SoS) is fundamental to ultrasound beamforming and a promising quantitative biomarker for tissue characterization. Although transmission- and reflector-based methods have demonstrated the diagnostic value of SoS, their need for dedicated hardware or constrained acquisition geometries limits clinical usability. Pulse-echo SoS imaging addresses these limitations by estimating SoS with conventional ultrasound probes and data acquisition paradigms. This review provides a structured overview of pulse-echo SoS estimation methods, categorized by the source of information used, the estimated SoS representation, and the reconstruction strategy. We review methods by their locality, e.g., global, layer-wise, and spatially-resolved predictions, as well as in terms of prediction strategies including gradient-free search, optimization-based solutions, analytical closed-form approximations, and deep learning-based methods. Finally, we summarize emerging diagnostic applications in the breast, liver, and muscle, while discussing challenges and possibilities with SoS imaging.
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