arXiv:2608.22854cs.LG2026-08

一次蒸馏生成多种尺寸和用途的LLM,省时省力。

Thinking at the Right Size: Amortized Distillation Across Post-Trained LLMs

论文配图:Thinking at the Right Size: Amortized Distillation Across Post-Trained LLMs
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 通过两阶段蒸馏,实现不同后训练变体间模型尺寸平滑过渡。
  • 仅用一次蒸馏即可生成48个(6×8)不同尺寸与用途的模型。
  • 适合需要灵活部署多类型、多尺寸大模型的场景。

实际部署大语言模型需构建多种后训练变体(如指令微调、推理优化、对话风格)及多个尺寸,以满足不同延迟与内存需求。独立训练每个(变体,尺寸)组合成本过高,因此通常仅支持少数粗粒度尺寸。现有方法(如Boomerang蒸馏)可在基础模型上实现尺寸插值,但每个后训练变体仍需单独优化。本文提出ADAPT框架,首次实现跨尺寸与后训练变体的蒸馏泛化:仅通过一次蒸馏,即可生成 $L \times K$ 个模型($L=6$ 种尺寸,$K=8$ 种后训练变体)。其核心包括:两阶段蒸馏流程,先预训练对齐再监督微调蒸馏,实现生成与推理任务上的平滑性能-尺寸关系;以及权重增量初始化,将基模型蒸馏产生的参数变化迁移至不同后训练初始化的学生模型。由此形成的连续模型谱系支持推理时动态选择最优尺寸,显著提升长文本推理任务的算力-精度权衡。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Practical deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires families of post-trained variants---instruction-tuned, reasoning-tuned, and chat-style models---each at multiple sizes to meet diverse latency and memory budgets. Producing each (variant, size) pair independently is prohibitive, so model families typically span only a handful of coarse-grained sizes per post-trained variant. Boomerang distillation (Kangaslahti et al., 2026) reduces this cost along the size axis for base models. Through model size interpolation, it constructs models of intermediate sizes from a single teacher-student pair without additional training. However, it still treats each post-trained variant as a separate object of optimization. We introduce ADAPT---Amortized Distillation Across Post-Trained LLMs---a framework for amortizing distillation across both axes of a model family: size and post-training variant, producing $L \times K$ models for $L$ interpolated sizes across $K$ post-trained variants with a single distillation run. ADAPT combines two components. First, a two-phase distillation procedure constructs post-trained students through pre-training alignment and supervised fine-tuning distillation, enabling smooth size--performance interpolation on generation and reasoning tasks. Second, weight-delta initialization approximates this construction across post-trained variants by transferring the distillation-induced weight change from the base model to students initialized from different post-trained variants. The resulting continuum of interpolated models also enables adaptive model-size selection at inference time, improving the compute--accuracy trade-off for long-form reasoning tasks.

大模型蒸馏多尺寸生成后训练优化

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