用影响函数实现光谱数据溯源，助力太空任务中的模型可信度评估

Interpretability is critical for machine learning models deployed in scientific space missions such as ESA's Ariel, where ground truth is unavailable during operations and physical plausibility must be assessed. While most explainable AI methods focus on feature attribution, this work investigates training data attribution through influence functions and introduces three key contributions for operational spectroscopy pipelines. First, influence is reformulated in terms of prediction rather than loss, enabling label-free deployment. Second, by leveraging the closed-form ridge solution of an Extreme Learning Machine, infinitesimal prediction influence is efficiently computed. Third, an influence-based conservative error proxy is derived by propagating training residuals through the influence sensitivities. Evaluated against simulated spectra, the proposed proxy correlates strongly with scale and shape-based spectral errors. Furthermore, influence functions enable the identification of the most influential samples and the approximation of the most harmful ones. Together, these results suggest that this approach can serve as an operational framework for scientific machine learning.