无需传感器,通过控制变形量实现安全抓取,避免果实损伤。
Sensorless damage-safe grasping

- 用编码器和电机力信号估算形变,设定最大压缩应变停止抓取。
- 在模拟中实现98%抓取成功率且零损伤,比固定力抓取更优。
- 适合需要安全、可量化损伤阈值的机器人采摘场景。
机器人采摘水果需牢固抓持又不造成压伤,但同一物种果实的压缩刚度随成熟度变化数倍,固定抓握力无法覆盖全范围。本文不调节力,而是限制形变:控制器闭合夹爪直至估算的压缩应变达到用户设定的上限ε,仅依赖伺服夹爪的编码器位置和电机努力信号——无需触觉或力矩传感器。将基于努力的接触力除以物体刚度下界,使停止条件在任意ε高于接触检测应变底限的情况下均保证保守性——真实压缩始终不超过ε。该应变底限与闭合速度成线性关系,使速度成为显式的吞吐量-柔韧性调节旋钮。相比人工调参的力阈值,ε是经认证的、可缩放尺寸的、操作者可理解的损伤上限,可直接作为学习抓取策略的安全动作参数。在涵盖真实果实刚度范围的MuJoCo仿真中,加入校准至真实伺服的传感器噪声模型,控制器在全部中等至坚硬刚度下实现≥98%抓取率且0%损伤,优于固定力基线;在分级刚度的3D打印TPU立方体上,抓取成功率与基线相当,但抓力减半,软物损伤从100%降至40%。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Robotic fruit harvesting must hold produce securely without bruising it, yet compression stiffness varies several-fold with ripeness within a single species, so no fixed grip force spans the range. Rather than tune force, we bound deformation: a controller closes the gripper until the object's estimated compression strain reaches a user-specified limit $\varepsilon$, using only the encoder position and motor-effort signal on every servo gripper---no tactile or force-torque sensor. Dividing an effort-based contact force by a lower bound on object stiffness makes the stop provably conservative---true compression stays at or below $\varepsilon$---for any $\varepsilon$ above a contact-detection strain floor we identify and quantify: robust detection itself spends compression, linearly in closing speed, making speed an explicit throughput--gentleness knob. Unlike a hand-tuned force threshold, $\varepsilon$ is a certified, size-scaling, operator-interpretable damage limit, and a ready safe-action parameter for learned grasping policies. In MuJoCo simulation over a realistic fruit-stiffness range, under a sensor-noise model calibrated to the real servo, the controller holds $\ge 98\,\%$ grasp at $0\,\%$ damage across all medium-to-firm stiffnesses for the entire certified $\varepsilon$ range, which neither fixed-force baseline attains; on stiffness-graded 3D-printed TPU cubes it matches baseline grasp success at roughly half the grip force and cuts soft-object damage from $100\,\%$ to $40\,\%$.
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