让大模型智能体在强化学习中更聪明地纠错,关键步骤才给额外指导。
AHEAD: Adaptive Hindsight with Environment-Augmented Distillation for Agentic RL

- 按步骤类型匹配不同监督信号,关键错误步骤获得额外纠正提示。
- 在ALFWorld和WebShop上分别提升13.3和11.0分,训练更快更省资源。
- 适合想用强化学习训练复杂多步决策大模型的研究者。
多轮大语言模型智能体的强化学习通常依赖轨迹级奖励,对每一步赋予相同优势,无法识别成败原因。自蒸馏方法可通过引入特权信息提供更细粒度监督。但现有方法对所有步骤使用相同类型的特权信息,忽略了重要差异:常规步骤无需过多引导,而关键错误步骤需要环境反馈之外的纠正方向。我们提出AHEAD,一种步骤感知框架,将不同监督源适配到不同步骤类型。教师在所有步骤上接收环境反馈作为基础密集信号,并在错误步骤上额外接收大模型生成的纠正提示,以补充环境反馈缺失的方向性信息。该方法仅对标准GRPO算法进行最小改动。在ALFWorld、WebShop及基于搜索的问答任务中,无论三个模型规模如何,AHEAD均显著提升任务成功率(如7B模型在ALFWorld上较GRPO提升13.3点,在WebShop上提升11.0点),在更少训练步数内达到目标成功率,并在更紧的交互预算下完成任务,优于仅依赖结果的强化学习与先前自蒸馏基线。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Training multi-turn LLM agents with reinforcement learning typically relies on trajectory-level rewards, which assign a uniform advantage to every step and cannot identify which decisions led to success or failure. Self-distillation methods can provide finer-grained supervision by augmenting RL with privileged information. However, existing approaches usually apply the same type of privileged information to every step in an indistinguishable manner, ignoring a key asymmetry: routine steps need little additional guidance, while critical error steps require corrective direction that environment feedback alone cannot provide. We propose AHEAD, a step-aware framework that matches different supervision sources to different step types. The teacher receives environment feedback on all steps as a grounded dense signal, and additionally receives LLM-generated corrective hints on error steps to supply the direction that environment feedback lacks. The method introduces minimal changes to the standard GRPO algorithm. Across ALFWorld, WebShop, and Search-based QA, and across three model scales, AHEAD raises task success (+13.3 points on ALFWorld and +11.0 on WebShop at 7B over GRPO), reaches a given success rate in fewer training steps, and solves tasks within tighter interaction budgets than outcome-only RL and prior self-distillation baselines.
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