解析专家如何理解AI发展中的方法、心智与道德争议
Method, Mind, and Morality: How People Make Sense of Artificial Intelligence
- 通过访谈与文本分析，提炼出理解AI的三大社会认知框架
- 发现专家在方法、心智和道德三方面存在明显立场分歧
- 适合政策制定者与科技从业者了解AI认知分化
人类如何理解人工智能的迅猛发展？本研究基于2021与2023年对57位AI从业者的半结构化访谈，结合数百万篇新闻与社交媒体文章的计算文本分析，揭示了人们对AI的认知动态。研究识别出一系列社会认知框架（interpretive schemas），并展示专家如何运用这些框架应对责任归属等重大认知挑战。提出三个核心争论领域：（i）AI开发的“方法”——自上而下的专家系统与自下而上的涌现能力之争；（ii）AI的“心智”——从被动工具到类人“数字心智”的定位差异；（iii）AI的“道德”——是否应放缓或加速发展。随着人类进入变革性AI时代，技术与政策决策必须考虑这些认知框架的互动与影响。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
How can humans make sense of the rapid takeoff of artificial intelligence (AI)? We studied the sensemaking dynamics of AI through an open-ended, mixed-methods study with computational text analysis of millions of AI-related newspaper articles and social media posts grounded in 57 semi-structured interviews with AI professionals in 2021 and 2023--before and after the recent surge of public interest. We identify a range of sociological frames (interpretive schemas that structure collective cognition) and show how AI professionals use frames to address significant cognitive challenges, such as assigning responsibility for societal impacts. We develop a framework of three primary debates across which frames are adopted and contested: (i) the $\textit{method}$ of AI development, between frames of top-down expert systems and bottom-up emergent capabilities, (ii) the $\textit{mind}$ of an AI system, ranging from a passive tool to a humanlike "digital mind," and (iii) the $\textit{morality}$ of how AI is used, particularly the decision of whether to slow down or speed up AI development. As humanity enters the era of transformative AI, technologists and policymakers must account for the framing dynamics that will circumscribe our beliefs, values, and actions.
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